{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:42:59Z","timestamp":1788406979857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, asymmetries in central activation are suspected to prevent complete functional recovery. This cross-sectional study investigated the motor function of both lower limbs in ACLR patients using morphological, mechanical, and neurophysiological measures after surgical repair with a semitendinosus-gracilis graft.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten male patients (age 20\u201331 years; 6\/4 right\/left knee surgery; 6\u201312 months after ACLR) were recruited. Muscle trophism was quantified through ultrasound estimates of quadriceps volume and mid-thigh circumference; knee extensors\u2019 rate of force development (RFD), maximum torque and voluntary activation (interpolated twitch technique, ITT) were assessed through dynamometry during maximal isometric effort; spinal excitability was measured with the Soleus H-reflex; transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticospinal excitability (resting motor threshold (rMT) and recruitment curve of motor evoked potentials (MEP) during submaximal contraction) and intracortical excitability (short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI)) of the Vastus medialis (VM) and Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The quadriceps muscle on the operated side showed significant volume loss (mean [SD] of 2264.6 [345.1] cm\u00b3 and 2082.9 [386.2] cm\u00b3 for the non-operated and operated sides, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035) and mid-thigh circumference (52.2 [2.7] cm and 50.2 [3.3] cm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035). In the VM recruitment curves, the increase in MEP amplitude with increasing stimulation intensity was steeper on the operated side (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). The operated limb also showed a higher RFD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). No inter-limb differences were found for the remaining outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The steeper rise of knee extensor torque, paralleled by an increased corticospinal excitability of the operated side VM muscle, suggests that an increased drive from the motor cortex is needed to engage the quadriceps in fast contractions following ACLR. This may represent a compensatory phenomenon aimed at counteracting the decline in muscle power associated with reduced muscle mass and altered quadriceps morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04837417 (submitted On 2021-03-31).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T02:34:12Z","timestamp":1770604452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is associated with increased corticospinal excitability and rate of force development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Scarano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Caronni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Rota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Amadei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Perucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Brevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Maione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ferrua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Tesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Simone","family":"Randelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"1577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01705","volume":"95","author":"RC Mather","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mather RC, Koenig L, Kocher MS, Dall TM, Gallo P, Scott DJ, et al. Societal and economic impact of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Bone Joint Surg. 2013;95(19):1751\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294571","volume":"35","author":"T Zantop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zantop T, Herbort M, Raschke MJ, Fu FH, Petersen W. The role of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament in anterior tibial translation and internal rotation. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(2):223\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filbay SR, Grindem H. Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Best practice and research: clinical rheumatology. Volume 33. Bailliere Tindall Ltd; 2019. p. 33\u201347. doi: 10.1016\/j.berh.2019.01.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.01.018"},{"key":"1577_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shekhar A, Pilar A, Ponnanna KM, Tapasvi S. ACL repair for athletes? J Orthop. 2022;31:61\u20136. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35464814.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2022.04.001"},{"key":"1577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostojic M, Indelli PF, Lovrekovic B, Volcarenghi J, Juric D, Hakam HT et al. Graft Selection in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Review of Current Trends. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(12). Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/39768969","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122090"},{"issue":"8","key":"1577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2013.05.015","volume":"29","author":"DC Flanigan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flanigan DC, Everhart JS, Pedroza A, Smith T, Kaeding CC. Fear of reinjury (Kinesiophobia) and persistent knee symptoms are common factors for lack of return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc - J Arthroscopic Relat Surg. 2013;29(8):1322\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthrosc - J Arthroscopic Relat Surg"},{"key":"1577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu Y, Jurgensmeier K, Lamba A, Yang L, Hevesi M, Camp CL et al. Posttraumatic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Machine Learning Comparison Between Surgery and Nonoperative Management. Am J Sports Med. 2025;53(5):1050\u201360. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/40079334","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465251322803"},{"key":"1577_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang LJ, Zeng N, Yan ZP, Li JT, Ni GX. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis following ACL injury. Arthritis Research and Therapy. Volume 22. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2020.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02156-5"},{"key":"1577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rips L, Koovit T, Luik M, Saar H, Kuik R, Kartus JT et al. In the medium term, more than half of males report kinesiophobia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J ISAKOS. 2024 Oct;9(5):100309. doi: 10.1016\/j.jisako.2024.100309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2024.100309"},{"key":"1577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullock GS, Sell TC, Zarega R, Reiter C, King V, Wrona H, et al. Kinesiophobia, knee Self-Efficacy, and fear avoidance beliefs in people with ACL injury: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. Volume 52. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022. p. 3001\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01739-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2007.09.003","volume":"9","author":"KE Webster","year":"2008","unstructured":"Webster KE, Feller JA, Lambros C. Development and preliminary validation of a scale to measure the psychological impact of returning to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Phys Ther Sport. 2008;9(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"1577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang JH, Eun SP, Park DH, Kwak HB, Chang E. The effects of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on individual quadriceps muscle thickness and Circulating biomarkers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 4;16(24):4895. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph16244895.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244895"},{"issue":"5","key":"1577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05499-x","volume":"237","author":"AS Lepley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepley AS, Grooms DR, Burland JP, Davi SM, Kinsella-Shaw JM, Lepley LK. Quadriceps muscle function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: systemic differences in neural and morphological characteristics. Exp Brain Res. 2019;237(5):1267\u201378.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1577_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisee C, Lepley AS, Birchmeier T, O\u2019Hagan K, Kuenze C. Quadriceps Strength and Volitional Activation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2019;11(2):163\u201379. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30638441","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118822739"},{"key":"1577_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart HF, Culvenor AG, Collins NJ, Ackland DC, Cowan SM, Machotka Z, et al. Knee kinematics and joint moments during gait following anterior cruciate ligament econstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Volume 50. BMJ Publishing Group; 2016. p. 597\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094797"},{"key":"1577_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK, Stanfield D, Webster KE, Myer GD. Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American Journal of Sports Medicine. Volume 44. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2016. p. 1861\u201376.","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515621554"},{"key":"1577_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dingenen B, Gokeler A. Optimization of the Return-to-Sport paradigm after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A critical step back to move forward. Sports Medicine. Volume 47. Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 1487\u2013500.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0674-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.063","volume":"67","author":"E Kapreli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kapreli E, Athanasopoulos S. The anterior cruciate ligament deficiency as a model of brain plasticity. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):645\u201350.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"1577_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valeriani M, Restuccia D, Di Lazzaro V, Franceschi F, Fabbriciani C, Tonali P. Central nervous system modifications in patients with lesion of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Brain. 1996;119 (Pt 5):1751\u201362. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8931595","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1751"},{"key":"1577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rush JL, Glaviano NR, Norte GE. Assessment of quadriceps corticomotor and Spinal-Reflexive excitability in individuals with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. Volume 51. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2021. p. 961\u201390.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01403-8"},{"key":"1577_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez KM, Palmieri-Smith RM, Krishnan C. How does anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affect the functioning of the brain and spinal cord? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. Volume 10. Elsevier B.V.; 2021. p. 172\u201381.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.07.005"},{"key":"1577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turpeinen JT, Freitas TT, Rubio-Arias J\u00c1, Jordan MJ, Aagaard P. Contractile rate of force development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction\u2014a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Vol. 30, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Blackwell Munksgaard; 2020. p. 1572\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13733"},{"key":"1577_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Brito Santana MV, Baptista AF. Corticospinal and intracortical excitability in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury and ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Physiother Theory Pract. 2025;41(3):664\u201381. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/39992686","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2024.2346729"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR24","first-page":"43","volume":"49","author":"MD Rosenthal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenthal MD, Moore JH, Stoneman PD, DeBerardino TM. Neuromuscular excitability changes in the Vastus medialis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;49(1):43\u201351.","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1577_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12435","volume":"25","author":"AS Lepley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lepley AS, Gribble PA, Thomas AC, Tevald MA, Sohn DH, Pietrosimone BG. Quadriceps neural alterations in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients: A 6-month longitudinal investigation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(6):828\u201339.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"6","key":"1577_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.11","volume":"50","author":"BG Pietrosimone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pietrosimone BG, Lepley AS, Ericksen HM, Clements A, Sohn DH, Gribble PA. Neural excitability alterations after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Athl Train. 2015;50(6):665\u201374.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-4877-8","volume":"235","author":"BA Luc-Harkey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luc-Harkey BA, Harkey MS, Pamukoff DN, Kim RH, Royal TK, Blackburn JT, et al. Greater intracortical Inhibition associates with lower quadriceps voluntary activation in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Exp Brain Res. 2017;235(4):1129\u201337.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05713-w","volume":"238","author":"SA Scheurer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scheurer SA, Sherman DA, Glaviano NR, Ingersoll CD, Norte GE. Corticomotor function is associated with quadriceps rate of torque development in individuals with ACL surgery. Exp Brain Res. 2020;238(2):283\u201394.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24666","volume":"39","author":"R Zarzycki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zarzycki R, Morton SM, Charalambous CC, Pietrosimone B, Williams GN, Snyder-Mackler L. Athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate asymmetric intracortical facilitation early after surgery. J Orthop Res. 2021;39(1):147\u201353.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2014.02.008","volume":"21","author":"AS Lepley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lepley AS, Ericksen HM, Sohn DH, Pietrosimone BG. Contributions of neural excitability and voluntary activation to quadriceps muscle strength following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee. 2014;21(3):736\u201342.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.5.06","volume":"50","author":"CM Kuenze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuenze CM, Hertel J, Weltman A, Diduch D, Saliba SA, Hart JM. Persistent neuromuscular and corticomotor quadriceps asymmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Athl Train. 2015;50(3):303\u201312.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"11","key":"1577_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24062","volume":"36","author":"R Zarzycki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zarzycki R, Morton SM, Charalambous CC, Marmon A, Snyder-Mackler L. Corticospinal and intracortical excitability differ between athletes early after ACLR and matched controls. J Orthop Res. 2018;36(11):2941\u20138.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"1577_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepley AS, Ly MT, Grooms DR, Kinsella-Shaw JM, Lepley LK. Corticospinal tract structure and excitability in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A DTI and TMS study. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;25:102157. doi: 10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102157"},{"issue":"9","key":"1577_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04191-w","volume":"119","author":"A Nanbancha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nanbancha A, Tretriluxana J, Limroongreungrat W, Sinsurin K. Decreased supraspinal control and neuromuscular function controlling the ankle joint in athletes with chronic ankle instability. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(9):2041\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04839-6","volume":"122","author":"R Buhmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buhmann R, Trajano GS, Kerr GK, Shield AJ. Increased short interval intracortical Inhibition in participants with previous hamstring strain injury. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(2):357\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1577_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollerbach MJ, Flash T. Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement. Biol Cybern. 1982;44(1):67\u201377. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7093370","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00353957"},{"key":"1577_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obr\u0119bska P, Skubich J, Piszczatowski S. Gender differences in the knee joint loadings during gait. Gait Posture. 2020;79:195\u2013202. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32438266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.05.017"},{"key":"1577_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerrigan DC, Todd MK, Della Croce U. Gender differences in joint biomechanics during walking: normative study in young adults. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77(1):2\u20137. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9482373","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199801000-00002"},{"key":"1577_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinzak RA, Colby SM, Kirkendall DT, Yu B, Garrett WE. A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2001;16(5):438\u201345. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11390052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00019-5"},{"key":"1577_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddara R, Harandi VJ, Lee PVS. Anterior cruciate ligament agonist and antagonist muscle force differences between males and females during perturbed walking. J Biomech. 2020;110:109971. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32827793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109971"},{"issue":"10","key":"1577_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.105B10.BJJ-2023-0881.R1","volume":"105\u2013B","author":"F Mancino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancino F, Gabr A, Plastow R, Haddad FS. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Bone Joint J. 2023;105\u2013B(10):1033\u20137.","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25725","volume":"42","author":"A Leung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leung A, Kantak S, Hammoud S, Abraham R, Zarzycki R. Sex differences in corticospinal excitability and quadriceps performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 2024;42(4):769\u201376.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"1577_CR43","first-page":"S89","volume-title":"Hamstring tendons or bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?","author":"M Thaunat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thaunat M, Fayard JM, Sonnery-Cottet B. Hamstring tendons or bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? Volume 105. Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2019. pp. S89\u201394."},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjoisr.2023.02.002","volume":"1","author":"K Kataoka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kataoka K, Hoshino Y, Nukuto K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: recent evolution and technical improvement. J Joint Surg Res. 2023;1(1):97\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Joint Surg Res"},{"key":"1577_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sollberger VD, Korthaus A, Barg A, Pagenstert G. Long-term results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft with a minimum follow-up of 10 years\u2014a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. Volume 143. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2023. p. 4277\u201389.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-022-04687-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3168","volume":"40","author":"EH Hartigan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hartigan EH, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Time line for noncopers to pass return-to-sports criteria after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(3):141\u201354.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1577_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516680619","volume":"45","author":"Z Nawasreh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nawasreh Z, Logerstedt D, Cummer K, Axe MJ, Risberg MA, Snyder-Mackler L. Do patients failing Return-to-Activity criteria at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction continue demonstrating deficits at 2 years? Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(5):1037\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1577_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J. Arthroscopic Release of Severe Flexion- and Extension-Impeding Knee Stiffness With Inaccessible Joint. Arthrosc Tech. 2021;10(12):e2753\u201365. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35004158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2021.08.023"},{"key":"1577_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;(198):43\u20139. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/4028566","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198509000-00007"},{"key":"1577_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arangio GA, Chen C, Kalady M, Reed JF. Thigh muscle size and strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26(5):238\u201343. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9353686","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1997.26.5.238"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24489","volume":"38","author":"T Birchmeier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birchmeier T, Lisee C, Kane K, Brazier B, Triplett A, Kuenze C. Quadriceps muscle size following ACL injury and reconstruction: A systematic review. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(3):598\u2013608.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1577_CR52","first-page":"264","volume":"91","author":"M Miyatani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miyatani M, Kanehisa H, Ito M, Kawakami Y, Eukunaga T. The accuracy of volume estimates using ultrasound muscle thickness measurements in different muscle groups. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(2\u20133):264\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-203241","volume":"29","author":"L Catino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Catino L, Malloggi C, Scarano S, Cerina V, Rota V, Tesio L. Quadriceps activation during maximal isometric and isokinetic contractions: the minimal real difference and its implications. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2021;29(3):277\u201389.","journal-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci"},{"key":"1577_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan C, Theuerkauf P. Effect of knee angle on quadriceps strength and activation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;119(3):223\u201331. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25997949","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01044.2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-182224","volume":"27","author":"C Malloggi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malloggi C, Catino L, Rota V, Scarano S, Tesio L. Measuring voluntary activation of the quadriceps femoris during isokinetic concentric contractions. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2019;27(2):125\u201334.","journal-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20714","volume":"35","author":"N Place","year":"2007","unstructured":"Place N, Maffiuletti NA, Martin A, Lepers R. Assessment of the reliability of central and peripheral fatigue after sustained maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(4):486\u201395.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10047","volume":"25","author":"TJ Kufel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kufel TJ, Pineda LA, Jeffery Mador M. Comparison of potentiated and unpotentiated twitches as an index of muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(3):438\u201344.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1577_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbert RD, Gandevia SC. Twitch interpolation in human muscles: mechanisms and implications for measurement of voluntary activation. J Neurophysiol]. 1999;82(5):2271\u201383. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10561405","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2271"},{"issue":"9","key":"1577_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3780","volume":"42","author":"M Angelozzi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angelozzi M, Madama M, Corsica C, Calvisi V, Properzi G, McCaw ST, et al. Rate of force development as an adjunctive outcome measure for return-to-sport decisions after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(9):772\u201380.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1577_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100451","volume":"85","author":"R Sahaly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sahaly R, Vandewalle H, Driss T, Monod H. Maximal voluntary force and rate of force development in humans - Importance of instruction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(3\u20134):345\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1577_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e5lberg E, van Dijk H, Falck B, Kimura J, Neuwirth C, Pitt M, et al. Standards for quantification of EMG and neurography. Clinical Neurophysiology. Volume 130. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2019. p. 1688\u2013729.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.05.008"},{"key":"1577_CR62","unstructured":"Kumbhare D, Robinson L, Buschbacher R. Buschbacher\u2019s manual of nerve conduction studies. Third edition. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC.; 2016."},{"key":"1577_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crone C, Krarup C. Neurophysiological approach to disorders of peripheral nerve. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;115:81\u2013114. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23931776","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00006-0"},{"key":"1577_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder-Macleod BI, Buchanan TS. Tibialis anterior volumes and areas in ACL-injured limbs compared with unimpaired. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(9):1553\u20137. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16960514","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000227642.06478.8f"},{"key":"1577_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devanne H, Lavoie BA, Capaday C. Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res. 1997;114(2):329\u201338. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9166922","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005641"},{"key":"1577_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemlin C, Moulton E, Leder S, Houot M, Meunier S, Rosso C et al. Redundancy Among Parameters Describing the Input-Output Relation of Motor Evoked Potentials in Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients. Front Neurol. 2019;10(MAY):535. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31178817","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00535"},{"key":"1577_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih Y, Powers CM, Fisher BE. Reliability of a method to assess corticomotor excitability of lower limb muscles using a normalized EMG motor thresholding procedure. Sci Rep. 2024 Jan 24;14(1):2052. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-024-51622-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51622-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4188","volume":"43","author":"BE Fisher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fisher BE, Lee YY, Pitsch EA, Moore B, Southam A, Faw TD, et al. Method for assessing brain changes associated with gluteus Maximus activation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(4):214\u201321.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1577_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesar TM, Stinear JW, Wolf SL. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate cortical excitability of lower limb musculature: challenges and opportunities. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. Volume 36. IOS; 2018. pp. 333\u201348.","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-170801"},{"key":"1577_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kujirai T, Caramia MD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Ferbert A et al. Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol]. 1993;471:501\u201319. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8120818","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1947-5","volume":"159","author":"MA Perez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Perez MA, Lungholt BKS, Nyborg K, Nielsen JB. Motor skill training induces changes in the excitability of the leg cortical area in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res. 2004;159(2):197\u2013205.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0988-2","volume":"143","author":"RJ Fisher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fisher RJ, Nakamura Y, Bestmann S, Rothwell JC, Bostock H. Two phases of intracortical Inhibition revealed by transcranial magnetic threshold tracking. Exp Brain Res. 2002;143(2):240\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1577_CR73","unstructured":"Daikuya S, Ono A, Suzuki T, Yabe K. Silent period and H reflex from soleus muscle as an index in a neuro-muscular function after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;49(4):177\u201386. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19534296"},{"key":"1577_CR74","unstructured":"Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Hoffman MA. The hoffmann reflex: methodologic considerations and applications for use in sports medicine and athletic training research. J Athl Train. 2004;39(3):268\u201377. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16558683"},{"key":"1577_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White MS, Graham MC, Janatova T, Hawk GS, Thompson KL, Noehren B. Effect of Sampling Rate, Filtering, and Torque Onset Detection on Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development and Torque Steadiness. Sensors (Basel)]. 2024;24(13). Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/39001029","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134250"},{"issue":"5","key":"1577_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231205295","volume":"16","author":"B Tayfur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tayfur B, Keneen Johnson A, Palmieri-Smith R. Changes in quadriceps rate of torque development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and association to Single-Leg hop distance. Sports Health. 2024;16(5):808\u201316.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21021","volume":"38","author":"AJ Blazevich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blazevich AJ, Horne S, Cannavan D, Coleman DR, Aagaard P. Effect of contraction mode of slow-speed resistance training on the maximum rate of force development in the human quadriceps. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38(3):1133\u20131046.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1577_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.10.008","volume":"39","author":"JB Larsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larsen JB, Farup J, Lind M, Dalgas U. Muscle strength and functional performance is markedly impaired at the recommended time point for sport return after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational athletes. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;39:73\u201387.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1577_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12131","volume":"24","author":"JP Folland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Folland JP, Buckthorpe MW, Hannah R. Human capacity for explosive force production: neural and contractile determinants. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(6):894\u2013906.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1577_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sebaugh JL, Mccray PD. Defining the linear portion of a sigmoid-shaped curve: bend points. Pharmaceut Statist. 2003;2:167\u201374. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pst.62","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.62"},{"key":"1577_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer PC, Madhavan S. Characterization of stimulus response curves obtained with transcranial magnetic stimulation from bilateral tibialis anterior muscles post stroke. Neurosci Lett. 2019;713.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134530"},{"key":"1577_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conover WJ. On Methods of Handling Ties in the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. J Am Stat Assoc. 1973;68(344):985. Available from: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2284536?origin=crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1973.10481460"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","volume":"141","author":"CO Fritz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2\u201318.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"1577_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian J. Faraway. Extending the Linear Model with R Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Second Edition. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2016.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315382722"},{"key":"1577_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown VA. An Introduction to Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling in R. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci. 2021;4(1). Available from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245920960351","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920960351"},{"key":"1577_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesio L, Caronni A, Russo C, Felisari G, Banco E, Simone A et al. Reversed Mirror Therapy (REMIT) after Stroke-A Proof-of-Concept Study. Brain Sci. 2023;13(6):847. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/37371327. cited 2023 Jun 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060847"},{"key":"1577_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 1995;57(1):289\u2013300. Available from: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article\/57\/1\/289\/7035855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"1577_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.05.34","volume":"9","author":"SY Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen SY, Feng Z, Yi X. A general introduction to adjustment for multiple comparisons. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1725\u20139.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"1577_CR89","volume-title":"R: A Language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021."},{"key":"1577_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobbrock JO, Findlater L, Gergle D, Higgins JJ. The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM; 2011. pp. 143\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"1577_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S. Visualizing Fit and Lack of Fit in Complex Regression Models with Predictor Effect Plots and Partial Residuals. J Stat Softw. 2018;87(9). Available from: http:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v87\/i09\/","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v087.i09"},{"issue":"6","key":"1577_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00619.x","volume":"17","author":"Y Konishi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konishi Y, Ikeda K, Nishino A, Sunaga M, Aihara Y, Fukubayashi T. Relationship between quadriceps femoris muscle volume and muscle torque after anterior cruciate ligament repair. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(6):656\u201361.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"1577_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513490651","volume":"41","author":"CL Mendias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendias CL, Lynch EB, Davis ME, Sibilsky Enselman ER, Harning JA, Dewolf PD, et al. Changes in Circulating biomarkers of muscle atrophy, inflammation, and cartilage turnover in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(8):1819\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1577_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.02.001","volume":"27","author":"RM Palmieri-Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palmieri-Smith P RM, Thomas AC, Wojtys EM. Maximizing quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:405\u201324.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"1577_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh SG, Ahn A, Davi SM, Lepley LK, Kwon OS. Quadriceps muscle atrophy after non-invasive anterior cruciate ligament injury: evidence linking to autophagy and mitophagy. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1341723. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/38496299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1341723"},{"issue":"11","key":"1577_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25910","volume":"42","author":"MS White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White MS, Ogier AC, Chenevert TL, Zucker E, Stoneback L, Michel CP, et al. Beyond weakness: exploring intramuscular fat and quadriceps atrophy in ACLR recovery. J Orthop Res. 2024;42(11):2485\u201394.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.12.009","volume":"19","author":"AC Thomas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas AC, Wojtys EM, Brandon C, Palmieri-Smith RM. Muscle atrophy contributes to quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(1):7\u201311.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2023-0252","volume":"40","author":"MS White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White MS, Mancini LM, Stoneback L, Palmieri-Smith RM, Lepley LK. Chronic adaptions in quadriceps fascicle mechanics are related to altered knee biomechanics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Appl Biomech. 2024;40(4):346\u201355.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"1577_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbach D, Awiszus F. Impaired ability of voluntary quadriceps activation bilaterally interferes with function testing after knee injuries. A twitch interpolation study. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(4):231\u20136. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12015621","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-29074"},{"key":"1577_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbach D, Nebelung W, Becker R, Awiszus F. Effects of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament on voluntary activation of quadriceps femoris a prospective twitch interpolation study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(8):1104\u201310. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11764420","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B8.0831104"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504268042","volume":"33","author":"GN Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams GN, Buchanan TS, Barrance PJ, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Quadriceps weakness, atrophy, and activation failure in predicted noncopers after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(3):402\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1577_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.05.011","volume":"36","author":"A Zarkou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zarkou A, Stackhouse S, Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK. Comparison of techniques to determine human skeletal muscle voluntary activation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2017;36:8\u201315.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"1577_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.06.012","volume":"45","author":"JL Rush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rush JL, Norte GE, Lepley AS. Limb differences in hamstring muscle function and morphology after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport. 2020;45:168\u201375.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"1577_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2011.12.006","volume":"19","author":"T Alkj\u00e6r","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alkj\u00e6r T, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Aagaard P. Antagonist muscle moment is increased in ACL deficient subjects during maximal dynamic knee extension. Knee. 2012;19(5):633\u20139.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"1577_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakavas G, Malliaropoulos N, Pruna R, Traster D, Bikos G, Maffulli N. Neuroplasticity and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Indian J Orthop]. 2020;54(3):275\u201380. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32399146","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-020-00045-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24463","volume":"51","author":"S Ward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ward S, Pearce AJ, Pietrosimone B, Bennell K, Clark R, Bryant AL. Neuromuscular deficits after peripheral joint injury: A neurophysiological hypothesis. Muscle Nerve. 2015;51(3):327\u201332.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1577_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criss CR, Lepley AS, Onate JA, Clark BC, Simon JE, France CR et al. Brain activity associated with quadriceps strength deficits after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sci Rep. 2023 May 17;13(1):8043. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-023-34260-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34260-2"},{"key":"1577_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallett M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer. Vol. 55, Neuron. 2007. p. 187\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"1577_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2016.04.001","volume":"23","author":"SH Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward SH, Pearce A, Bennell KL, Peitrosimone B, Bryant AL. Quadriceps cortical adaptations in individuals with an anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee. 2016;23(4):582\u20137.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0888439004269030","volume":"18","author":"AY On","year":"2004","unstructured":"On AY, Uluda\u011f B, Ta\u015fkiran E, Ertekin C. Differential corticomotor control of a muscle adjacent to a painful joint. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18(3):127\u201333.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"12","key":"1577_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509343201","volume":"37","author":"E Kapreli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kapreli E, Athanasopoulos S, Gliatis J, Papathanasiou M, Peeters R, Strimpakos N, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency causes brain plasticity: A functional MRI study. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(12):2419\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7003","volume":"47","author":"DR Grooms","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grooms DR, Page SJ, Nichols-Larsen DS, Chaudhari AMW, White SE, Onate JA. Neuroplasticity associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(3):180\u20139.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1577_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12173","volume":"35","author":"R Ando","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ando R, Saito A, Umemura Y, Akima H. Local architecture of the Vastus intermedius is a better predictor of knee extension force than that of the other quadriceps femoris muscle heads. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2015;35(5):376\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"1577_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammann C, Guida P, Caballero-Insaurriaga J, Pineda-Pardo JA, Oliviero A, Foffani G. A framework to assess the impact of number of trials on the amplitude of motor evoked potentials. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77383-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"1577_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0468-9","volume":"174","author":"WG Darling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Darling WG, Wolf SL, Butler AJ. Variability of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation depends on muscle activation. Exp Brain Res. 2006;174(2):376\u201385.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1577_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldissera F, Campadelli P, Cavallari P, Piccinelli L, Tesio L. How motoneurones control velocity of tension development. Journal of Physiology. Volume 598. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020. pp. 1109\u201310.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279066"},{"key":"1577_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldissera F, Campadelli P. How motoneurones control development of muscle tension. Nature. 1977;268(5616):146\u20137. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/593307","DOI":"10.1038\/268146a0"},{"key":"1577_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldissera F, Campadelli P, Tesio L. Frequency coding of input signal transients in alpha motoneurones of cat. Brain Res. 1979;160(1):155\u20138. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/758220","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90611-5"},{"key":"1577_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wallace B, Janz J. Implications of Motor Unit Activity on Ballistic Movement. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2009;4(2):285\u201392. Available from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/174795409788549490","DOI":"10.1260\/174795409788549490"},{"key":"1577_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002;93(4):1318\u201326. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12235031","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002"},{"issue":"18","key":"1577_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00035","volume":"98","author":"B Noehren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noehren B, Andersen A, Hardy P, Johnson DL, Ireland ML, Thompson KL, et al. Cellular and morphological alterations in the Vastus lateralis muscle as the result of ACL injury and reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg - Am Volume. 2016;98(18):1541\u20137.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg - Am Volume"},{"key":"1577_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medler S. Mixing it up: the biological significance of hybrid skeletal muscle fibers. Journal of Experimental Biology. Volume 22. Company of Biologists Ltd; 2019. p. 1OBITUARY.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200832"},{"key":"1577_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming JD, Ritzmann R, Centner C. Effect of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture on knee proprioception within 2 years after Conservative and operative treatment: A systematic review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. Volume 52. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022. p. 1091\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01600-z"},{"key":"1577_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folland JP, Williams AG. Methodological issues with the interpolated twitch technique. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2007;17(3):317\u201327. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050641106000691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.04.008"},{"key":"1577_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madrid A, Madinabeitia-Mancebo E, Robles-Garc\u00eda V, Chouza-Insua M, Cudeiro J, Arias P. Effect of stimulation timing on testing voluntary muscle force generation. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05179. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33088951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05179"},{"issue":"1","key":"1577_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20441","volume":"33","author":"CN Maganaris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Rittweger J, Sargeant AJ, Jones DA, Gerrits K, et al. Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(1):85\u201392.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1577_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfield CJ, Culiver A, Briggs M, Schmitt LC, Grooms DR, O\u00f1ate J. The effects of knee osteoarthritis on neural activity during a motor task: A scoping systematic review. Gait and Posture. Volume 96. Elsevier B.V.; 2022. p. 221\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.05.035"},{"issue":"9","key":"1577_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0063-4","volume":"14","author":"ME H\u00e9roux","year":"2006","unstructured":"H\u00e9roux ME, Tremblay F. Corticomotor excitability associated with unilateral knee dysfunction secondary to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14(9):823\u201333.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1577_CR129","first-page":"315","volume":"32","author":"Z Tohidirad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tohidirad Z, Ehsani F, Bagheri R, Jaberzadeh S. Priming effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on the effects of conventional physiotherapy on balance and muscle performance in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Sport Rehabil. 2023;32(3):315\u201324.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1773403355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-026-01577-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano and by the Comitato Etico Milano Area 2. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"123"}}