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The data that support the findings of this study are derived from publicly available and licensed sources. Match and formation data were obtained from OPTA Sportsdata and cross-validated using publicly accessible records from fbref.com (\n                      \n                      ). League standings were obtained from the official websites of the respective national football federations. Due to licensing restrictions associated with OPTA Sportsdata, the raw datasets cannot be made publicly available. However, aggregated data and derived results supporting the conclusions of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"230"}}