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The analysis was based on retrospective data from routinely performed diagnostic and training assessments, and ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at the Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa (Resolution No. KE-U\/9\/2026, 19 January 2026). Written informed consent to participate and for the use of anonymised assessment data for scientific purposes was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study. For participants under 18\u00a0years of age, written informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian, and assent was obtained from the participant. Participants were informed that their results could be used for scientific analyses and that they had the right to refuse or withdraw consent for data use at any stage, without any sporting or organisational consequences. All data were processed to ensure confidentiality and protect participant identity.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted using the Hawkin Dynamics force plate system and associated software\/cloud platform. J.L. has served as a scientific consultant for Hawkin Dynamics. This relationship had no influence on the study design, data collection, data processing\/analysis, interpretation of the results, or manuscript preparation. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"369"}}