{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:14:49Z","timestamp":1788333289043,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inspiratory muscle dysfunction, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and reduced well-being contribute to the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We compared the short-term effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT), aerobic exercise (AE), combined IMT and AE (IMT\n                      <jats:sub>AE<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), placebo IMT, and usual care on respiratory, functional, and patient-reported outcomes in women with stable COPD and examined early changes during two weeks after training cessation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-center, five-arm, partially blinded randomized controlled trial, 68 women with stable GOLD stage I\u2013II COPD were randomized; 59 completed all assessments and were included in the per-protocol analysis. The four-week intervention was followed by assessments 7 and 14 days after cessation. The prespecified primary outcome was baseline-to-post change in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). Secondary outcomes were maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), inspiratory volume (IV), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1\u00a0s (FEV\u2081), FEV\u2081\/FVC, 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance, post-exercise Borg dyspnea, and WHO-5 well-being. The primary analysis tested the baseline-to-post group \u00d7 time interaction for MIP using a 5-group \u00d7 2-time mixed-design repeated-measures analysis of variance. Four-time analyses examined secondary and detraining trajectories; additional Welch change-score comparisons were exploratory and unadjusted for multiplicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary MIP interaction was significant (F(4, 54)\u2009=\u200928.969,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u03b7p\u00b2 = 0.682). Secondary four-time interactions were significant for MIP, MEP, PIFR, IV, 6MWT distance, FVC, FEV\u2081, Borg dyspnea, and WHO-5, but not FEV\u2081\/FVC. Combined training produced the largest improvements in inspiratory performance, walking distance, dyspnea, and well-being. Its 6MWT gain, however, was modest relative to commonly reported minimal clinically important differences. Several outcomes declined during detraining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within this sample of women with stable GOLD stage I\u2013II COPD, combined IMT and AE produced the broadest short-term response across respiratory, functional, and patient-reported outcomes. Larger, prospectively registered trials with longer intervention and follow-up periods are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07604961; first submitted on 17 May 2026 and first posted on 22 May 2026 (retrospectively registered).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-026-01964-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:54:38Z","timestamp":1786150478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-term inspiratory muscle training, aerobic exercise, and detraining in women with COPD: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yasemin Ari","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3158-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Ismail","family":"Tosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"Demirkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsamet","family":"Efdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Boyaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irem Eker","family":"Arici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeliz Ay","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel Kara","family":"Gunaydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Arici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1964_CR1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 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