{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:08:42Z","timestamp":1790831322420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T10:02:40Z","timestamp":1565949760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli and Salmonella on raw vegetable salads served at hotels and restaurants in Bharatpur, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sanjeep","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjib","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmita","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujan","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhuri","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemraj","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmita","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"S Udo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Udo S, Andy I, Umo A, Ekpo M. Potential Human Pathogens (Bacteria) and their Antibiogram in Ready-to-eat Salads sold in Calabar, South\u2013South, Nigeria. Inet J Trop Med. 2009;5(2):1.","journal-title":"Inet J Trop Med."},{"key":"4557_CR2","first-page":"204","volume":"13","author":"LR Beuchat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beuchat LR, Larry R. Pathogenic microorganism associated with fresh produce. J Food Protect. 2000;13:204\u201316.","journal-title":"J Food Protect."},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2006.28.30","volume":"6","author":"DH Tambekar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tambekar DH, Mundhada RH. Bacteriological quality of salad vegetables sold in Amravati City (India). J Biologl Sci. 2006;6(1):28\u201330.","journal-title":"J Biologl Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"4557_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1078\/S1438-4639(04)70030-9","volume":"203","author":"P Viswanathan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Viswanathan P, Kaur R. Prevalence and growth of pathogens on salad vegetables, fruits and sprouts. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2001;203(3):205\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR5","first-page":"41","volume":"3","author":"IU Nwankwo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nwankwo IU, Eze VC, Friday JU. Evaluation of the degree of contamination of salad vegetables sold in Umuahia Main Market. Am J Microbiol Res. 2015;3(1):41\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Microbiol Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4557_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.013","volume":"123","author":"M Abadias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abadias M, Usall J, Anguera M, Solsona C, Vi\u00f1as I. Microbiological quality of fresh, minimally-processed fruit and vegetables, and sprouts from retail establishments. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;123(1\u20132):121\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3923\/crb.2011.9.15","volume":"4","author":"S Manikandan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manikandan S, Ganesapandian S, Singh M, Kumaraguru AK. Emerging of multidrug resistance human pathogens from urinary tract infections. Curr. Res. Bacteriol. 2011;4(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4557_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1479-1484.2000","volume":"44","author":"M Osterblad","year":"2000","unstructured":"Osterblad M, Hakanen A, Manninen R, Leistevuo T, Peltonen R, Meurman O, Huovinen P, Kotilainen P. A between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 2000;44(6):1479\u201384.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Ch."},{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02884-X","volume":"22","author":"U Chaudhary","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chaudhary U, Aggarwal R. Extended spectrum-lactamases (ESBL)-an emerging threat to clinical therapeutics. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004;22(2):75.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"4557_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.110209","volume":"17","author":"I Overdevest","year":"2011","unstructured":"Overdevest I, Willemsen I, Rijnsburger M, Eustace A, Xu L, Hawkey P, Heck M, Savelkoul P, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, van der Zwaluw K, Huijsdens X. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(7):1216.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR11","first-page":"159","volume":"5","author":"T Nawas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nawas T, Mazumdar RM, Das S, Nipa MN, Islam S, Bhuiyan HR, Ahmad I. Microbiological quality and antibiogram of E. coli, Salmonella and Vibrio of salad and water from restaurants of Chittagong. J Environ Sci Nat Resour. 2012;5(1):159\u201366.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Nat Resour."},{"key":"4557_CR12","volume-title":"Diagnostic microbiology","author":"BA Forbes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Diagnostic microbiology. St Louis: Mosby; 2007."},{"key":"4557_CR13","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 24th informational supplement (M100-S26)","author":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 24th informational supplement (M100-S26). Wayne: CLSI; 2016."},{"issue":"5","key":"4557_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1402-1406.2001","volume":"45","author":"DF Sahm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Mayfield DC, Jones ME, Karlowsky JA. Multidrug-resistant urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli: prevalence and patient demographics in the United States in 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(5):1402\u20136.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"4557_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.029","volume":"69","author":"PJ Simner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simner PJ, Zhanel GG, Pitout J, Tailor F, McCracken M, Mulvey MR, Lagac\u00e9-Wiens PR, Adam HJ, Hoban DJ. Canadian antimicrobial resistance alliance (CARA. Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase- and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: results of the CANWARD 2007\u20132009 study. Diagn MIcr Infect Dis. 2011;69(3):326\u201334.","journal-title":"Diagn MIcr Infect Dis."},{"key":"4557_CR16","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 21st informational supplement (M100\u2013S22)","author":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 21st informational supplement (M100\u2013S22). Wayne: CLSI; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.025","volume":"156","author":"J Castro-Rosas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castro-Rosas J, Cerna-Cort\u00e9s JF, M\u00e9ndez-Reyes E, Lopez-Hernandez D, G\u00f3mez-Aldapa CA, Estrada-Garcia T. Presence of faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes in ready-to-eat salads, from an area where crops are irrigated with untreated sewage water. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;156(2):176\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR18","first-page":"111","volume":"4","author":"M Avazpour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Avazpour M, Nejad MR, Seifipour F, Abdi J. Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables from different Restaurants in Ilam. J Paramed Sci. 2013;4(2):111\u20135.","journal-title":"J Paramed Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-016-0585-5","volume":"7","author":"SK Mritunjay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mritunjay SK, Kumar V. A study on prevalence of microbial contamination on the surface of raw salad vegetables. 3 Biotech. 2017;7(1):13.","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5923\/j.microbiology.20120202.02","volume":"2","author":"GO Adeshina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adeshina GO, Jibo SD, Agu VE. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolates from vegetable salad sold in restaurants in Zaria, Nigeria. J Microbiol Res. 2012;2(2):5\u201311.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"4557_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01969-13","volume":"79","author":"Z Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Z, Diao J, Dharmasena M, Ionita C, Jiang X, Rieck J. Thermal inactivation of desiccation-adapted Salmonella spp. in aged chicken litter. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(22):7013\u201320.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-223","volume":"80","author":"SK Mritunjay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mritunjay SK, Kumar V. Microbial quality, safety, and pathogen detection by using quantitative PCR of raw salad vegetables sold in Dhanbad city, India. J Food Protect. 2016;80(1):121\u20136.","journal-title":"J Food Protect."},{"issue":"4","key":"4557_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2497-2502.2004","volume":"70","author":"M Islam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P, Jiang X. Fate of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on carrots and radishes grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(4):2497\u2013502.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4557_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.93802","volume":"52","author":"DA Zaglool","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaglool DA, Khodari YA, Othman RA, Farooq MU. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and bacteria among food handlers in a tertiary care hospital. Nigerian Med J J Nigeria Med Assoc. 2011;52(4):266.","journal-title":"Nigerian Med J J Nigeria Med Assoc."},{"key":"4557_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2437-2","volume":"1","author":"RD Abdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdi RD, Mengstie F, Beyi AF, Beyene T, Waktole H, Mammo B, Ayana D, Abunna F. Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;1:352.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4557_CR26","first-page":"32","volume":"5","author":"S Khadka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khadka S, Adhikari S, Rai T, Ghimire U, Parajuli A. Bacterial contamination and risk factors associated with street-vended Panipuri sold in Bharatpur, Nepal. Int J Food Res. 2018;5:32\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Food Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4557_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00028-4","volume":"76","author":"R Gorman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gorman R, Bloomfield S, Adley CC. A study of cross-contamination of food-borne pathogens in the domestic kitchen in the Republic of Ireland. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;76(1\u20132):143\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4557_CR28","first-page":"538","volume":"89","author":"DO Cliver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cliver DO. Cutting boards in Salmonella cross-contamination. J AOAC Int. 2006;89(2):538\u201342.","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"4557_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01940.x","volume":"12","author":"P Amoah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amoah P, Drechsel P, Abaidoo RC, Klutse A. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:40\u201350.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"S Adhikari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adhikari S, Khadka S, Sapkota S, Shrestha P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with mobile phones. SOJ Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;6(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"SOJ Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"4557_CR31","first-page":"70","volume":"10","author":"MN Nipa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nipa MN, Mazumdar RM, Hasan MM, Fakruddin MD, Islam S, Bhuiyan HR, Iqbal A. Prevalence of multi drug resistant bacteria on raw salad vegetables sold in major markets of Chittagong city, Bangladesh. Middle-East J Sci Res. 2011;10(1):70\u20137.","journal-title":"Middle-East J Sci Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"4557_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02506-10","volume":"77","author":"E Raphael","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raphael E, Wong LK, Riley LW. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene sequences in gram-negative saprophytes on retail organic and nonorganic spinach. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(5):1601\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4557_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.008","volume":"127","author":"GS Bezanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bezanson GS, MacInnis R, Potter G, Hughes T. Presence and potential for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance in oxidase-positive bacteria populating raw salad vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;127(1\u20132):37\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T16:26:08Z","timestamp":1664123168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4557-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11491\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11491\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11491\/v3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. The study protocol was verified by the Research Committee of the Microbiology Department. Human sample was not involved and verbal informed consent was obtained from all the chefs included in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent of publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"516"}}