{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:55:06Z","timestamp":1785498906343,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats that exert a significant burden in terms of patient morbidity and mortality and financial crises in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Knowledge on the type of predominantly circulating pathogens with their respective AMR profile in a given area is essential for optimal patient care. This study was aimed at assessing the types of bacterial isolates and their AMR profile identified from a range of clinical samples at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, over a period of 5\u00a0years (2013 to 2017).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From the total of 514 different clinical samples processed in the stated time frame, about 240 (46.7%) yield bacterial growth. Majority of the identified bacteria were isolated from stool culture 68 (28.3%) followed by urine 56 (23.3%), ear discharge 54 (22.5%) and wound swabs at 26 (10.8%). Most of the clinical isolates were Gram-negative at 171 (71.25%). The predominant isolate was <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> at 41 (17.1%) followed by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species, 40 (16.7%), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> 36 (15%) and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> at 26 (11.7%). Generally, the isolates were found resistant at (60\u2013100%) against ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, gentamicin, norfloxacin and tetracycline. Gram-positive isolates were found relatively\u00a0sensitive to ceftriaxone, erythromycin and vancomycin at (71\u201384%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T06:51:48Z","timestamp":1568184708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Type of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profile from different clinical samples at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: five\u00a0years data analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Melkamu","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senait","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girum","family":"Meseret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awoke","family":"Derbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7159","key":"4604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7159.647","volume":"317","author":"CA Hart","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hart CA, Kariuki S. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. BMJ. 1998;317(7159):647.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043455774","volume":"11","author":"S Rachakonda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rachakonda S, Cartee L. Challenges in antimicrobial drug discovery and the potential of nucleoside antibiotics. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11(6):775\u201393.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4604_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312","volume":"8","author":"HK Allen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allen HK, Donato J, Wang HH, Cloud-Hansen KA, Davies J, Handelsman J. Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(4):251.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4604_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89370-9_1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries","author":"CF Amabile-Cuevas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amabile-Cuevas CF. Global perspectives of antibiotic resistance. In: Jini J, editor. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 3\u201313."},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR5","first-page":"135","volume":"22","author":"AN Kimang\u2019a","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kimang\u2019a AN. A situational analysis of antimicrobial drug resistance in Africa: are we losing the battle? Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22(2):135\u201343.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"4604_CR6","first-page":"256","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing CLSI supplement M100S","author":"CLSI","year":"2016","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing CLSI supplement M100S. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016. p. 256."},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v21i2.69055","volume":"21","author":"G Beyene","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial uropathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma University specialized hospital, southwest ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011;21(2):141\u20136.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3844-1","volume":"11","author":"S Tadesse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tadesse S, Kahsay T, Adhanom G, Kahsu G, Legese H, Derbie A. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and predictors of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Adigrat General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):740.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"4604_CR9","first-page":"14","volume":"12","author":"AM Mukhtar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukhtar AM, Saeed HA. Profile of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of some pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in Sudan. J Sci Technol. 2011;12:14\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sci Technol"},{"key":"4604_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.26.134.7827","volume":"26","author":"A Derbie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Derbie A, Hailu D, Mekonnen D, Abera B, Yitayew G. Antibiogram profile of uropathogens isolated at Bahir Dar regional health research laboratory centre, northwest Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;26:134.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-283","volume":"6","author":"M Dagnew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dagnew M, Yismaw G, Gizachew M, Gadisa A, Abebe T, Tadesse T, Alemu A, Mathewos B. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in septicemia suspected patients attending Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1):283.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v11i3.70069","volume":"11","author":"M Kibret","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kibret M, Abera B. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli from clinical sources in northeast Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci. 2011;11(3):40\u20135.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"4604_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v20i3.46851","author":"O Yismaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yismaw O, Negeri C, Kassu A. A five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern observed in Shigella species isolated from stool samples in Gondar University Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2006. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhd.v20i3.46851\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR14","first-page":"209","volume":"23","author":"T Sewunet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sewunet T, Demissie Y, Mihret A, Abebe T. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates among burn patients at Yekatit 12 hospital burn center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2013;23(3):209\u201316.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR15","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"T Tesfaye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tesfaye T, Beyene G, Gelaw Y, Bekele S, Saravanan M. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of external ocular infections in Jimma University specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Am J Infect Dis Microbiol. 2013;1(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Dis Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v19i2.9986","volume":"19","author":"A Mulu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mulu A, Kassu A, Tassema B. Bacterial isolates from cerebrospinal fluids and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;19(2):160\u20134.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1471-z","volume":"4","author":"AG Wasihun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wasihun AG, Zemene Y. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of otitis media in Ayder Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mekelle University, Northern Ethiopia. SpringerPlus. 2015;4(1):701.","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"9","key":"4604_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200","volume":"7","author":"HF Chambers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chambers HF, DeLeo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(9):629.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4604_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0560-0","volume":"14","author":"T Dinbere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dinbere T, Bereded F, Derbie A, Biadglegne F. Bacteriology of bacteriology of community acquired pneumonia in adult patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;14(8):101. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0560-0\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR20","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"A Derbie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Derbie A, Mekonnin D, Abate E, et al. Bacterial isolates and their current drug susceptibility profile from urine among asymptomatic pregnant women attending at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia; cross-sectional study. Ethiop J Reprod Health. 2018;10(2):10.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Reprod Health"},{"key":"4604_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6413179","author":"H Getachew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Getachew H, Derbie A, Mekonnin D. Surfaces and air bacteriology of selected wards at a referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Microbiol. 2018. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6413179\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR22","first-page":"112","volume":"30","author":"D Hailu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hailu D, Derbie D, Mekonnen D, Zenebe Y, Adem Y, Worku S, Biadglegne F. Drug resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from infected wounds at Bahir Dar Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2016;30(3):112\u20137.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D6-242","volume":"7","author":"S Worku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Worku S, Gelaw A, Abera Y, Muluneh D, Derbie A, Biadglegne F. Bacterial etiologies, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and risk factors among patients with ear discharge at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017;7(1):32\u20138.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T17:09:35Z","timestamp":1599757775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4604-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was ethically approved by the Research and Ethical Review Board of Debre Markos University. Permission was received from the hospital administration to utilize the data for research purpose. Other patient identifier information were kept confidential.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"568"}}