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This study aimed to examine changes in mental defeat and cognitive flexibility scores after cognitive behavioral therapy including IR. In the intervention group, patients with depression (n\u2009=\u200918, mean age\u2009=\u200937.89\u00a0years) received 15 cognitive behavioral therapy sessions. Patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II; Mental Defeat Scale; Cognitive Flexibility Scale; EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire; Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale before the intervention, after six sessions, and post-intervention. The healthy control group (n\u2009=\u200933, mean age\u2009=\u200937.91) completed all scales once and did not receive treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-cognitive behavioral therapy, a significant decrease was observed in Beck Depression Inventory-II, Mental Defeat Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores. Although mental defeat and cognitive flexibility did not reach the level of the healthy control group, they demonstrated improvement. Therefore, when treating depression, mental defeat and cognitive flexibility should be measured in addition to depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic> This study was registered retrospectively in the national UMIN Clinical Trials Registry on July 25, 2016 (registration ID: UMIN000023320)<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4758-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T12:03:12Z","timestamp":1573041792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Alterations of mental defeat and cognitive flexibility during cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a single-arm pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Murata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Hiramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinobu","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizue","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Matsuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00181-8","volume":"39","author":"E Dunmore","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dunmore E, Clark DM, Ehlers A. 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The researchers explained the study aims and objectives to all participants. All participants voluntarily provided a written, informed consent before participating and understood that they could withdraw at any time and for any reason without penalty. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Studies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"723"}}