{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:27:56Z","timestamp":1772166476543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AFENET"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) against latex agglutination (LA), India ink and culture in point-of-care diagnosis of cryptococcus meningitis (CM). We conducted cross-sectional study among HIV-positive patients with suspected CM at Mbagathi Hospital, Nairobi, April\u2013July 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 124 capillary blood and serum and 99 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, LFA and LA had a concurrence on serum of 94.4%, kappa (0.88), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (91%). LFA and LA on CSF, was 97.9%, kappa (0.96), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96%). LFA and India ink was 96.9%, kappa (0.94), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (94.1%). On CSF culture, concurrence was 72.7%, kappa (0.43), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (64%) and of LFA on capillary blood, serum and CSF was 100% with kappa (1.00), sensitivity and specificity of 100%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T14:02:54Z","timestamp":1575554574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Point of care testing evaluation of lateral flow immunoassay for diagnosis of cryptococcus meningitis in HIV-positive patients at an urban hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, 2017"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lawrence Kirimi","family":"Gitonga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waqo Gufu","family":"Boru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Kwena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marybeth","family":"Maritim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Wamicwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6528-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Ransom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4829_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"SS Kanji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanji SS, Kakai R, Onyango RO. Cryptococcal meningitis among human immunodeficiency virus patients attending major hospitals in Kisumu, Western Kenya. Arch Clin Microbiol. 2011;2(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"4829_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV\/AIDS. AIDS. 2009;23(4):525\u201330. http:\/\/content.wkhealth.com\/linkback\/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00002030-200902200-00012.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"4829_CR3","unstructured":"Kendi C., J. Penner, J. Koech, M. Nyonda, E. Bukusi, C. Cohen, H. Mutai AM. Case fatality due to cryptococcal meningitis in a retrospective cohort in Kenya. In: In AIDS 2010\u2014XVIII International AIDS Conference: Abstract no MOPE0115. 2010."},{"issue":"12","key":"4829_CR4","first-page":"481","volume":"87","author":"R Mdodo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mdodo R, Brown K, Omonge E, Jaoko W, Baddley J. Outcome associated with cryptococcal meningitis. East Afr Med J. 2013;87(12):481\u20137.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4829_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S38850","volume":"6","author":"DJ Sloan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sloan DJ, Parris V. Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6(1):169\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4829_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-016-0035-5","volume":"3","author":"MW Tenforde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tenforde MW, Wake R, Leeme T, Jarvis JN. HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: bridging the gap between developed and resource-limited settings. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2016;3(2):92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40588-016-0035-5.","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4829_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906","volume":"20","author":"DR Boulware","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boulware DR, Rolfes MA, Rajasingham R, von Hohenberg M, Qin Z, Taseera K, et al. Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(1):45\u201353.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4829_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir379","volume":"53","author":"MD Lindsley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindsley MD, Mekha N, Baggett HC, Surinthong Y, Autthateinchai R, Sawatwong P, et al. Evaluation of a newly developed lateral flow immunoassay for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(4):321\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4829_CR9","first-page":"775","volume":"6","author":"T Kozel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kozel T, Bauman S. CrAg lateral flow assay for cryptococcosis. Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2013;6(3):775\u201384.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Med Diagn"},{"issue":"1","key":"4829_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00536-12","volume":"20","author":"J Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen J, Slechta ES, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Neary B, Barker AP, Bauman S, et al. Large-scale evaluation of the immuno-mycologics lateral flow and enzyme-linked immunoassays for detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(1):52\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"4829_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150012","volume":"60","author":"KM Koczula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koczula KM, Gallotta A. Lateral flow assays. Essays Biochem. 2016;60:111\u201320.","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"4829_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00446-12","volume":"19","author":"MJ Binnicker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Bestrom JE, Rollins LO. Comparison of four assays for the detection of cryptococcal antigen. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(12):1988\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"4829_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"787","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang H, Fan L, Rajbanshi B, Xu J. 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Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(10):1019\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1607024276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4829-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15224\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15224\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15224\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants to allow an additional non-routine capillary blood sample and to have their remnant sample used for evaluating new diagnostics for CM. Permission to conduct this evaluation was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Moi University (FAN: IREC 1795); and Research Committee, Mbagathi Hospital.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"797"}}