{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1751817637874,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The data collected by the Global Burden of Disease 2016 project indicate that migraine ranks second in high-income countries with very competitive and flexible labour markets, and first in low- and middle-income countries suffering from civic unrest and conflict. This raises the question whether external stress factors may be correlated with migraine years lived with disability per 100,000 inhabitants (YLD). The objective of this exploratory study is to test the hypothesis that external stress factors are correlated with the prevalence and severity of migraine at the country level. The analysis uses two country groups: developed and developing countries. For the first group, the proxy variables for stress are labour productivity and unemployment rate. For the second group, the proxy variables measure conflict-related deaths and share of migrant\/refugee population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results show a positive relationship between the stress variables on the one hand and migraine YLD on the other hand for both country groups. Almost all results are statistically significant at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01. These exploratory findings suggest that societal stress factors may be potential candidates for modifiable factors for the prevalence and\/or severity of migraine at the country level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1620457413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Migraine and stress\u2014an exploratory cross-country study of external stress factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"van Staveren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5587_CR1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, \u2018Global, Regional and National Incidence, Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability for 328 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016,\u2019 Lancet 2017;390:1211-59. YLD per country was estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. This results in YLD numbers per 100,000 inhabitants."},{"key":"5587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","volume":"17","author":"GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. \u2018Global, regional and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016.\u2019 Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:954\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002057","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002057","volume":"3","author":"SA Swanson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swanson SA, Zeng Y, Weeks M, Colman I. The contribution of stress to the comorbidity of migraine and major depression: results from a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(3):002057.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"5587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0742-8","volume":"23","author":"B Klenofsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klenofsky B, Pace A, Natbony LR, Sheikh HU. Episodic migraine co-morbidities: avoiding pitfalls and taking therapeutic opportunities. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(1):1.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"5587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0691-7","volume":"22","author":"I Rainero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rainero I, Govone F, Gai A, Vacca A, Rubino E. Is migraine primarily a metaboloendocrine disorder? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018;22(5):22\u201336.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"5587_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000309","volume":"29","author":"EK Seng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seng EK, Seng CD. Understanding migraine and psychiatric co-morbidity. Curr Opin Neurol. 2016;29:309\u201313.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"5587_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.01.005","volume":"101","author":"M-O Margarida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Margarida M-O, Simon A, Philip H, Jan H, Isaura T, Peter G. Neuroendocrine signalling modulates specific neural networks relevant to migraine. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;101:16\u201326.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"5587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2018.00073","author":"M Artero-Morales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Artero-Morales M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez S, Ferrer-Montiel A. TRP channels as potential targets for sex-related differences in migraine pain. Front Mol Biosci. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2018.00073.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"5587_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414563087","volume":"5","author":"SH Schramm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schramm SH, Moebus S, Lehmann N, et al. The association between stress and headache: a longitudinal population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2015;5:853\u201363.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"5587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01462.x","volume":"28","author":"K M\u00e4ki","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e4ki K, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Keltikangas-J\u00e4rvinen L, Kivim\u00e4ki M. Work stress and new-onset migraine in a female employee population. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"5587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.03.048","volume":"61","author":"SEP Munce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munce SEP, Weller I, Robertson EK, et al. The role of work stress as a moderating variable in the chronic pain and depression association. J Psychosom Res. 2006;61(5):653\u201360.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2018.03.003","volume":"52","author":"N Shalah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shalah N, Dreshaj S. Association of depression, anxiety, and post traumatic stress disorder with migraine: data from Kosovo. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2018;52(4):490\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"5587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2014.01.001","volume":"16","author":"R Cesur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cesur R, Sabia JJ, Tekin E. Combat exposure and migraine headache: evidence from exogenous deployment assignment. Econ Hum Biol. 2015;16:81\u201399.","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004805","volume":"90","author":"S\u00d8 Stensland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stensland S\u00d8, Zwart JA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dyb G. The headache of terror: a matched cohort study of adolescents from the Ut\u00f8ya and the HUNT study. Neurology. 2018;90(2):e111-118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004805.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13300","volume":"58","author":"D Dodick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dodick D. A phase-by-phase review of migraine pathophysiology: supplement article. Headache. 2018;58:4\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.13300.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"5587_CR16","first-page":"S125","volume":"38","author":"M Arne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arne M. Understanding migraine as a cycling brain syndrome: reviewing the evidence from functional imaging. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(Supplement 1):S125\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.12.005","volume":"172","author":"S Akerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akerman S, Romero-Reyes M, Holland P. Current and novel insights into the neurophysiology of migraine and its implications for therapeutics. Pharmacol Therap. 2017;172:151\u201370.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"5587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003963","volume":"88","author":"S Laura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laura S, Angie A, Arne M. Hypothalamus as a mediator of chronic migraine \u2013 evidence from high resolution fMRI. Neurology. 2017;88:2011\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5587_CR19","unstructured":"See the research of the International Headache Genetics Consortium at www.headachegenetics.org Accessed 23 Oct 2020. For a meta-analysis of possible migraine genes: Gormley Padhraig, Anttila Verneri, and Winsvold Bendik S. Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine. Nat Genet. 2016;48:856\u201366."},{"key":"5587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000289","volume":"23","author":"J Robert-Paul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robert-Paul J, Gustav B, Martin P, et al. A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout lifespan development. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23:725\u201376.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017773","volume":"117","author":"G Barbara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barbara G, Pamela M, Elaine W. Allostasis and the human brain: integrating models of stress from the social and life science. Psychol Rev. 2010;117(1):134\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"5587_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.071","volume":"47","author":"McEwen Bruce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruce McEwen. The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation. Neuroimage. 2009;47:911\u20133.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"5587_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.001","volume":"73","author":"B David","year":"2012","unstructured":"David B, Nasim M, Lino B, Bruce McEwen. Understanding migraine through the lens of maladaptive stress responses: a model disease of allostatic load. Neuron. 2012;73:219\u201333.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"5587_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.11.001","volume":"49","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2018","unstructured":"McEwen BS. Redefining neuroendocrinology: epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018;49:8\u20133.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"5587_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","volume":"97","author":"PJ Goadsby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing. Physiol Rev. 2017;97:553\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004813","volume":"90","author":"H Geoffrey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geoffrey H. The Pain of Terror. Neurology. 2018;90(2):53\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5587_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731416664687","volume":"46","author":"PL Schnall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schnall PL, Dobson M, Landsbergis P. Globalization, work, and cardiovascular disease. Int J Health Serv. 2016;46(4):656\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"5587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-020-00261-5","volume":"14","author":"C Panter-Brick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panter-Brick C, Eggerman M, Ager A, Hadfield K, Dajani R. Measuring the psychosocial, biological, and cognitive signatures of profound stress in humanitarian settings: impacts, challenges, and strategies in the field. Confl Heal. 2020;14(1):14\u201340.","journal-title":"Confl Heal"},{"issue":"7","key":"5587_CR29","first-page":"315","volume":"63","author":"LC \u00c1lvaro-Gonz\u00e1les","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c1lvaro-Gonz\u00e1les LC. Migraine and evolutionary theory: paths for a clinical approach. Rev Neurol. 2016;63(7):315\u201325.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"5587_CR30","unstructured":"Uppsala Conflict Data Program. https:\/\/www.ucdp.uu.se\/. Accessed 23 Oct 2020."},{"key":"5587_CR31","unstructured":"Databank World Development Indicators. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators. Accessed 23 Oct 2020."},{"key":"5587_CR32","unstructured":"OECD Data based on ILO estimations. https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/. Accessed 23 Oct 2020."}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T07:04:47Z","timestamp":1620457487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05587-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1756-0500"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declares that she has no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"174"}}