{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:28:45Z","timestamp":1772166525073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"anrs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANRS12366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRS12366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single study conducted about three decades ago on hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection among Baka pygmies in Cameroon reported a very high anti-HDV antibodies prevalence of 46%, but HDV genetic diversity has not been studied in this population. The genetic diversity of strains from endemic ancient populations may help to understand the origin and evolutionary history of viruses. This study aimed to investigate the HDV seroprevalence and the genetic diversity in three remote Cameroonian Pygmies with chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An unusually high 69% (36\/52) level of HDV infection was found among HBsAg-positive pygmies in Cameroon. HDV RNA was detected and sequenced in 38.8% (14\/36). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9\/14 strains (64.3%) were identified and classified as genotype 1 (HDV-1) and 5\/14 (35.6%) as genotype 7 (HDV-7), respectively with a bootstrap value of 100%. The further analysis showed the co-circulation of highly diverse HDV genotypes HDV-1 and HDV-7 in this population. These results highlight the endemicity of HDV infection in Central Africa. The highly diverse HDV-1 and HDV-7 in pygmies suggest an African origin of HDV. However, further studies are needed with larger sample size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:04:43Z","timestamp":1646298283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Endemicity and genetic diversity of Hepatitis delta virus among Pygmies in Cameroon, Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yacouba","family":"Foupouapouognigni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques Delors Toumansie","family":"Mfonkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onana","family":"Boyomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Gessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Njouom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"5976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0845-y","volume":"14","author":"LF Botelho-Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Botelho-Souza LF, Vasconcelos MPA, de Dos Santos AO, et al. Hepatitis delta: virological and clinical aspects. Virol J. 2017;14:177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0845-y.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"5976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633","volume":"221","author":"Z Miao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2020;221:1677\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","volume":"73","author":"AJ Stockdale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73:523\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"5976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29574","volume":"66","author":"F Le Gal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le Gal F, Brichler S, Drugan T, et al. Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the deltavirus genus: a study of 2,152 clinical strains. Hepatology. 2017;66:1826\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29574.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"5976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320027","volume":"69","author":"C Besombes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Besombes C, Njouom R, Paireau J, et al. The epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus infection in Cameroon. Gut. 2020;69:1294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320027.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"5976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01822-10","volume":"49","author":"Y Foupouapouognigni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foupouapouognigni Y, Noah DN, Sartre MT, Njouom R. High prevalence and predominance of hepatitis delta virus genotype 1 infection in Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1162\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01822-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30078-5","volume":"8","author":"EK Butler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Butler EK, Rodgers MA, Coller KE, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis delta virus in Cameroon. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-30078-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00098.x","volume":"37","author":"A Kramvis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:S9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00098.x.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"5976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01475-10","volume":"49","author":"Y Foupouapouognigni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foupouapouognigni Y, Serge Alain S, Betsem \u00e0 Betsem E, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus infections in the three Pygmy groups in Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:737\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01475-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/596206","volume":"199","author":"S Calattini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calattini S, Betsem E, Bassot S, et al. New strain of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 3 in a Pygmy from Cameroon with peculiar HTLV serologic results. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:561\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/596206.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.10.025","volume":"410","author":"S Calattini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calattini S, Betsem E, Bassot S, et al. Multiple retroviral infection by HTLV type 1, 2, 3 and simian foamy virus in a family of Pygmies from Cameroon. Virology. 2011;410:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2010.10.025.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2709","volume":"82","author":"V Ivaniushina","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ivaniushina V, Radjef N, Alexeeva M, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:2709\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2709.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"5976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5976_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","volume":"30","author":"K Tamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, et al. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:2725\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst197.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:14:10Z","timestamp":1646298850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-776004\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was a part of survey which was approved by the Cameroonian National Ethics Committee and the Ministry of Public Health. Prior to blood specimen collection, written informed consent was obtained from each participating adult (or parents, in case of minors).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}