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Microbial interactions within biofilms affect antimicrobial susceptibility, making treatment more challenging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      superinfection on mature\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm eradication by vancomycin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biofilm-producing clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and MDR\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected from chronic wound infections. Baseline viable cell counts in 24-hour\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms were determined. The minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of vancomycin was assessed in the presence and absence of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture components. Relative gene expression of\n                      <jats:italic>ldh<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>adh<\/jats:italic>\n                      in biofilm cells was evaluated by RT-qPCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Superinfection with\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      reduced the viable counts of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm cells and altered vancomycin MBEC for planktonic-phase biofilm cells. Disruption of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms by MDR\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture supernatants reduced\n                      <jats:italic>ldh<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>adh<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression, with an effect comparable to, but not additive with, that of vancomycin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vancomycin eradication of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      planktonic biofilm cells is altered by MDR\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      superinfection. Both vancomycin and MDR\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture supernatants, individually and combined, interfered with the anaerobic respiration pathways in sessile biofilm cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-026-07718-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:36:27Z","timestamp":1773142587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the effect of culture components of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates on vancomycin eradication of Staphylococcus aureus mature biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Farag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8530-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamaleldin","family":"Elsawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Abu-Sheasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2923-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaa","family":"Aboulela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7718_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14667","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.15.2.167-193.2002","volume":"21","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Long S, Wang H, Wang Y. 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