{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:40:27Z","timestamp":1794008427537,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019736","name":"Farmer Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Epigenet"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T11:46:44Z","timestamp":1772192804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in COVID-19 positive patients reveals alterations in pathways linked to neurological dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saima","family":"Zameer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehraz","family":"Anis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Escobar Galvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milda","family":"Mil\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ieva","family":"Ker\u0161evi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Migle","family":"Gabrielaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juozas","family":"Gordevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pospisilik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Saiyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart F.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Brundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Brundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2094_CR1","unstructured":"Inernational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Betacoronavirus pandemicum 2024 Available from: https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202401868&taxon_name=Betacoronavirus%20pandemicum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2094_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China novel coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727\u201333.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10224","key":"2094_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","volume":"395","author":"R Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. lancet. 2020;395(10224):565\u201374.","journal-title":"lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00042-y","volume":"1","author":"IR Konigsberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Konigsberg IR, Barnes B, Campbell M, Davidson E, Zhen Y, Pallisard O, et al. Host methylation predicts SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical outcome. Commun Med. 2021;1(1):42.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"7821","key":"2094_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","volume":"584","author":"C Lucas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TB, Silva J, Sundaram M, et al. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020;584(7821):463\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0736LE","volume":"201","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1430\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","volume":"8","author":"EL Graham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, Lim PH, Szymanski AL, Taylor C, et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid\u201019 long haulers. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(5):1073\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-09084-5","volume":"24","author":"N Forgacova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forgacova N, Holesova Z, Hekel R, Sedlackova T, Pos Z, Krivosikova L, et al. Evaluation and limitations of different approaches among COVID-19 fatal cases using whole-exome sequencing data. BMC Genomics. 2023;24(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3905","volume":"174","author":"BT Garibaldi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garibaldi BT, Fiksel J, Muschelli J, Robinson ML, Rouhizadeh M, Perin J, et al. Patient trajectories among persons hospitalized for COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6754","volume":"174","author":"S Wongvibulsin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wongvibulsin S, Garibaldi BT, Antar AA, Wen J, Wang M-C, Gupta A, et al. Development of severe COVID-19 adaptive risk predictor (SCARP), a calculator to predict severe disease or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):777\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12897","volume":"296","author":"IG Ovsyannikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Crooke SN, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. The role of host genetics in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Immunol Rev. 2020;296(1):205\u201319.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2094_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13051","volume":"26","author":"C Rodrigo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigo C, Leung P, Lloyd AR, Bull RA, Luciani F, Grebely J, et al. Genomic variability of within-host hepatitis C variants in acute infection. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(4):476\u201384.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.11.024","volume":"96","author":"NL Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira NL, Ahmad F, Byku M, Cummins NW, Morris AA, Owens A, et al. COVID-19: understanding inter-individual variability and implications for precision medicine. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96(2):446\u201363.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"16","key":"2094_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283","volume":"383","author":"D Ellinghaus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P, et al. Genomewide association study of severe Covid-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):1522\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2094_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105379","volume":"106","author":"LC Ferreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira LC, Gomes CEM, Rodrigues-Neto JF, Jeronimo SMB. Genome-wide association studies of COVID-19: connecting the dots. Infection. Infect Genet Evol. 2022;106:105379.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.028","volume":"184","author":"J Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei J, Alfajaro MM, DeWeirdt PC, Hanna RE, Lu-Culligan WJ, Cai WL, et al. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal host factors critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell. 2021;184(1):76\u2013e9113.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02100-w","volume":"57","author":"V Lammi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lammi V, Nakanishi T, Jones SE, Andrews SJ, Karjalainen J, Cort\u00e9s B, et al. Genome-wide association study of long COVID. Nat Genet. 2025;57(6):1402\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12440","volume":"85","author":"S Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou S, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang F, Li P, He Y, et al. An epigenome-wide DNA methylation study of patients with COVID\u201019. Ann Hum Genet. 2021;85(6):221\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32357-2","volume":"13","author":"G Barturen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barturen G, Carnero-Montoro E, Mart\u00ednez-Bueno M, Rojo-Rello S, Sobrino B, Porras-Perales \u00d3, et al. Whole blood DNA methylation analysis reveals respiratory environmental traits involved in COVID-19 severity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4597.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01174","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01174-14","volume":"5","author":"VD Menachery","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menachery VD, Eisfeld AJ, Sch\u00e4fer A, Josset L, Sims AC, Proll S, et al. Pathogenic influenza viruses and coronaviruses utilize similar and contrasting approaches to control interferon-stimulated gene responses. MBio. 2014;5(3):e01174\u201314.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2094_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198853","volume":"318","author":"S Bhat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhat S, Rishi P, Chadha VD. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms in SARS CoV-2 infection and potential therapeutic approaches. Virus Res. 2022;318:198853.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"7907","key":"2094_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","volume":"604","author":"G Douaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature. 2022;604(7907):697\u2013707.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"17","key":"2094_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","volume":"34","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Gu J. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. Bioinformatics. 2018;34(17):i884\u201390.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008383","volume":"16","author":"R Wilton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilton R, Szalay AS, Arioc. High-concurrency short-read alignment on multiple GPUs. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16(11):e1008383.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2094_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098","volume":"31","author":"A Tarasov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarasov A, Vilella AJ, Cuppen E, Nijman IJ, Prins P. Sambamba: fast processing of NGS alignment formats. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(12):2032\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1347-4","volume":"17","author":"L Weinhold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weinhold L, Wahl S, Pechlivanis S, Hoffmann P, Schmid M. A statistical model for the analysis of beta values in DNA methylation studies. BMC Bioinformatics. 2016;17(1):480.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"17","key":"2094_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu339","volume":"30","author":"Y Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park Y, Figueroa ME, Rozek LS, Sartor MA. MethylSig: a whole genome DNA methylation analysis pipeline. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(17):2414\u201322.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2094_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2931","volume":"32","author":"D Risso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Risso D, Ngai J, Speed TP, Dudoit S. Normalization of RNA-seq data using factor analysis of control genes or samples. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(9):896\u2013902.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2094_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx183","volume":"33","author":"RG Cavalcante","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cavalcante RG, Sartor MA. Annotatr: genomic regions in context. Bioinformatics. 2017;33(15):2381\u20133.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"43","key":"2094_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","volume":"102","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(43):15545\u201350.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0103-9","volume":"14","author":"J Reimand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reimand J, Isserlin R, Voisin V, Kucera M, Tannus-Lopes C, Rostamianfar A, et al. Pathway enrichment analysis and visualization of omics data using g:Profiler, GSEA, Cytoscape and EnrichmentMap. Nat Protoc. 2019;14(2):482\u2013517.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btac745","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac745","volume":"39","author":"Z Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu Z, H\u00fcbschmann D. rGREAT: an R\/bioconductor package for functional enrichment on genomic regions. Bioinformatics. 2022;39(1):btac745.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2094_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. Data analysis. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer; 2016. pp. 189\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btad672","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad672","volume":"39","author":"I Kerseviciute","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerseviciute I, Gordevicius J. aPEAR: an R package for autonomous visualization of pathway enrichment networks. Bioinformatics. 2023;39(11):btad672.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2094_CR35","unstructured":"Page L, Brin S, Motwani R, Winograd T. The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Stanford infolab; 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01102-9","volume":"13","author":"J Balnis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balnis J, Madrid A, Hogan KJ, Drake LA, Chieng HC, Tiwari A, et al. Blood DNA methylation and COVID-19 outcomes. Clin Epigenetics. 2021;13(1):118.","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2094_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.010","volume":"5","author":"VS Raj","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raj VS, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Haagmans BL. MERS: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol. 2014;5:58\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030638","volume":"10","author":"K-K Lau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lau K-K, Yu W-C, Chu C-M, Lau S-T, Sheng B, Yuen K-Y. Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):342\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2094_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1777-0_6","volume":"807","author":"M Desforges","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Brison E, Meessen-Pinard M, Talbot PJ. Neuroinvasive and neurotropic human respiratory coronaviruses: potential neurovirulent agents in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;807:75\u201396.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02558-5","volume":"10","author":"B Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu B, Zhao P, Xu P, Han Y, Wang Y, Chen L, et al. A comprehensive dataset of animal-associated sarbecoviruses. Sci Data. 2023;10(1):681.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-021-00005-9","volume":"1","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Qiu Y, Ge X. The taxonomy, host range and pathogenicity of coronaviruses and other viruses in the Nidovirales order. Anim Dis. 2021;1(1):5.","journal-title":"Anim Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veae032","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae032","volume":"10","author":"M Carrascosa-S\u00e0ez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carrascosa-S\u00e0ez M, Marqu\u00e9s M-C, Geller R, Elena SF, Rahmeh A, Dufloo J, et al. Cell type-specific adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Virus Evol. 2024;10(1):veae032.","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00818-7","volume":"6","author":"D Wan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan D, Du T, Hong W, Chen L, Que H, Lu S, et al. Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):406.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02001-z","volume":"28","author":"E Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu E, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(11):2406\u201315.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","volume":"8","author":"M Taquet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(5):416\u201327.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24403","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24403","volume":"36","author":"M Mahdizade Ari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahdizade Ari M, Mohamadi MH, Shadab Mehr N, Abbasimoghaddam S, Shekartabar A, Heidary M, et al. Neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(5):e24403.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"2094_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136348","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1136348","volume":"14","author":"J Okrzeja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okrzeja J, Garkowski A, Kubas B, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Imaging and neuropathological findings in patients with post COVID-19 Neurological Syndrome\u2014a review. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1136348.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.02.006","volume":"45","author":"L Bauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauer L, Laksono BM, de Vrij FMS, Kushner SA, Harschnitz O, van Riel D. The neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2. Trends Neurosci. 2022;45(5):358\u201368.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2094_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915","volume":"92","author":"A Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, et al. Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):699\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14772-2","volume":"86","author":"G Bulfamante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bulfamante G, Chiumello D, Canevini MP, Priori A, Mazzanti M, Centanni S, et al. First ultrastructural autoptic findings of SARS-Cov-2 in olfactory pathways and brainstem. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020;86(6):678\u20139.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2094_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094956","volume":"22","author":"M Rasheed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Deng Y, Chen Z. Epigenetic regulation of neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4956.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2094_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab148","volume":"144","author":"KT Thakur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakur KT, Miller EH, Glendinning MD, Al-Dalahmah O, Banu MA, Boehme AK, et al. COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian Hospital. Brain. 2021;144(9):2696\u2013708.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7917","key":"2094_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04576-6","volume":"607","author":"A Kousathanas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kousathanas A, Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Stuckey A, Odhams CA, Walker S, et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19. Nature. 2022;607(7917):97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2094_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3782","volume":"17","author":"K Lunnon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lunnon K, Smith R, Hannon E, De Jager PL, Srivastava G, Volta M, et al. Methylomic profiling implicates cortical deregulation of ANK1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(9):1164\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-202069","volume":"26","author":"PA Melas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Melas PA, Rogdaki M, \u00d6sby U, Schalling M, Lavebratt C, Ekstr\u00f6m TJ. Epigenetic aberrations in leukocytes of patients with schizophrenia: association of global DNA methylation with antipsychotic drug treatment and disease onset. Faseb J. 2012;26(6):2712\u20138.","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13562","volume":"8","author":"R Tirado-Magallanes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tirado-Magallanes R, Rebbani K, Lim R, Pradhan S, Benoukraf T. Whole genome DNA methylation: beyond genes silencing. Oncotarget. 2017;8(3):5629\u201337.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001308","volume":"7","author":"EM Wijsman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wijsman EM, Pankratz ND, Choi Y, Rothstein JH, Faber KM, Cheng R, et al. Genome-wide association of familial late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease replicates BIN1 and CLU and nominates CUGBP2 in interaction with APOE. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(2):e1001308.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75057-x","volume":"10","author":"M Yanaizu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanaizu M, Washizu C, Nukina N, Satoh J-i, Kino Y. CELF2 regulates the species-specific alternative splicing of TREM2. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17995.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2094_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.09.021","volume":"96","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xu C, Harirforoosh S, Luo X, Wang KS. Analysis of PTPRK polymorphisms in association with risk and age at onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cancer risk, and cholesterol. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;96:65\u201372.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06496-1","volume":"23","author":"C Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng C, Liu T, Wang AQ, Chen XA, Zhang RZ, Wang XC, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (PTPRK) revisited: evolving insights into structure, function, and pathology. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):534.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2094_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s41048-019-0086-2","volume":"5","author":"M Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu M, Fang K, Wang W, Lin W, Guo L, Wang J. Identification of key genes and pathways for Alzheimer\u2019s disease via combined analysis of genome-wide expression profiling in the hippocampus. Biophys Rep. 2019;5:98\u2013109.","journal-title":"Biophys Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203984","volume":"14","author":"AM Petrelis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petrelis AM, Stathopoulou MG, Kafyra M, Murray H, Masson C, Lamont J, et al. VEGF-A-related genetic variants protect against Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Aging. 2022;14(6):2524\u201336.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2094_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112374","volume":"187","author":"D Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang D, Jia N, Hu Z, Keqing Z, Chenxi S, Chunying S, et al. Bioinformatics identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke and vascular dementia. Exp Gerontol. 2024;187:112374.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L30","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00026.2008","volume":"296","author":"M Yoshioka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yoshioka M, Sagara H, Takahashi F, Harada N, Nishio K, Mori A, et al. Role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;296(1):L30\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2094_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00303","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00303-18","volume":"3","author":"A Zukauskas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zukauskas A, Mrsny RJ, Cort\u00e9s Barrantes P, Turner JR, Leong JM, McCormick BA. Transporters MRP1 and MRP2 Regulate Opposing Inflammatory Signals To Control Transepithelial Neutrophil Migration during Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection. mSphere. 2018;3(4):e00303\u201318.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00536-w","volume":"17","author":"L Bossaerts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bossaerts L, Cacace R, Van Broeckhoven C. The role of ATP-binding cassette subfamily a in the etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):31.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR67","first-page":"bio054627","volume":"10","author":"WM Jepsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jepsen WM, De Both M, Siniard AL, Ramsey K, Piras IS, Naymik M, et al. Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) overexpression reduces APP processing and increases alpha-versus beta-secretase activity, in vitro. Biol Open. 2021;10(1):bio054627.","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"2094_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106008","volume":"176","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Q, Zhang J, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Gu J. Gut microbiota-induced microRNA-206-3p increases anxiety-like behaviors by inhibiting expression of Cited2 and STK39. Microb Pathog. 2023;176:106008.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"9766","key":"2094_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62345-8","volume":"377","author":"MA Nalls","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nalls MA, Plagnol V, Hernandez DG, Sharma M, Sheerin UM, Saad M, et al. Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet. 2011;377(9766):641\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"41","key":"2094_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1690","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001690","volume":"94","author":"KH Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang KH, Wu YR, Chen YC, Fung HC, Lee-Chen GJ, Chen CM. STK39, but not BST1, HLA-DQB1, and SPPL2B polymorphism, is associated with Han-Chinese Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Taiwan. Med (Baltim). 2015;94(41):e1690.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9922-2","volume":"35","author":"X-l Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong X-l, Li J-Q, Sun L, Li Y-Q, Wang H-F, Cao X-P, et al. A Genome-wide association study of \u03b1-synuclein levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurotox Res. 2019;35(1):41\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14230","volume":"20","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu S, Park T, Kr\u00fcger DM, Pena-Centeno T, Burkhardt S, Schutz AL, et al. Plasma miRNAs across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum: relationship to central biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(11):7698\u2013714.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"2094_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13718","volume":"20","author":"L Xicota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xicota L, Cosentino S, Vardarajan B, Mayeux R, Perls TT, Andersen SL, et al. Whole genome-wide sequence analysis of long-lived families (Long-Life Family Study) identifies MTUS2 gene associated with late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(4):2670\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26923","volume":"95","author":"P Gonzalez-Latapi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bustos B, Dong S, Lubbe S, Simuni T, Krainc D. Alterations in blood methylome as potential epigenetic biomarker in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol. 2024;95(6):1162\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2094_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1078854","volume":"15","author":"JS Schneider","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schneider JS, Singh G. Altered expression of glycobiology-related genes in Parkinson\u2019s disease brain. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:1078854.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2094_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076494","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.076494","volume":"19","author":"NN Fancy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fancy NN, Smith A, Tsartsalis S, Muirhead R, Chau V, Davey K, et al. Single-nuclei RNA sequencing provides evidence for glial senescence in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19:e076494.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2094_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974838","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.974838","volume":"16","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Xu X, Liu C, Huang X. Identification of hub genes of Parkinson\u2019s disease through bioinformatics analysis. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:974838.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2023.100316","volume":"3","author":"K Kaivola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaivola K, Chia R, Ding J, Rasheed M, Fujita M, Menon V, et al. Genome-wide structural variant analysis identifies risk loci for non-Alzheimer\u2019s dementias. Cell Genom. 2023;3(6):100316.","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12587","volume":"28","author":"F Longhena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Longhena F, Faustini G, Varanita T, Zaltieri M, Porrini V, Tessari I, et al. Synapsin III is a key component of \u03b1-synuclein fibrils in Lewy bodies of PD brains. Brain Pathol. 2018;28(6):875\u201388.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181549","volume":"9","author":"YH Chuang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chuang YH, Lu AT, Paul KC, Folle AD, Bronstein JM, Bordelon Y, et al. Longitudinal epigenome-wide methylation study of cognitive decline and motor progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;9(2):389\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2094_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02089-w","volume":"28","author":"J Lake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lake J, Warly Solsberg C, Kim JJ, Acosta-Uribe J, Makarious MB, Li Z, et al. Multi-ancestry meta-analysis and fine-mapping in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(7):3121\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx019","volume":"19","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Zhang J, Huang S, He X. Genome-wide analysis reveals that exon methylation facilitates its selective usage in the human transcriptome. Brief Bioinform. 2018;19(5):754\u201364.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-17-0227","volume":"16","author":"D Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim D, Shivakumar M, Han S, Sinclair MS, Lee Y-J, Zheng Y, et al. Population-dependent intron retention and DNA methylation in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2018;16(3):461\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66427","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066427","volume":"8","author":"M Dudkiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dudkiewicz M, Lenart A, Paw\u0142owski K. A novel predicted calcium-regulated kinase family implicated in neurological disorders. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e66427.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2094_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105725","volume":"176","author":"X Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan X, Han H, Liu J, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Wu X, et al. Deferasirox exerts anti-epileptic effects by improving brain iron homeostasis via regulation of ITPRIP. Neurochem Int. 2024;176:105725.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2094_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103339","volume":"66","author":"MC de Moura","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Moura MC, Davalos V, Planas-Serra L, Alvarez-Errico D, Arribas C, Ruiz M, et al. Epigenome-wide association study of COVID-19 severity with respiratory failure. EBioMedicine. 2021;66:103339.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"2094_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7296","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14089","volume":"20","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Neal J, Sompol P, Yener G, Arakaki X, Norris CM, et al. Parallel electrophysiological abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection and to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(10):7296\u2013319.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2094_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037","volume":"89","author":"MG Mazza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594\u2013600.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2094_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","volume":"94","author":"MG Mazza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, Magnaghi C, Poletti S, Furlan R, et al. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;94:138\u201347.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15630","volume":"30","author":"WK Fung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fung WK, Sa\u2019di Q, Katzberg H, Chen R, Lang AE, Cheung AM, et al. Functional disorders as a common motor manifestation of COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(3):678\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11661-x","volume":"270","author":"SA Schneider","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schneider SA, Desai S, Phokaewvarangkul O, Rosca EC, Sringean J, Anand P, et al. COVID19-associated new-onset movement disorders: a follow-up study. J Neurol. 2023;270(5):2409\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2094_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01388","volume":"27","author":"A Rao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao A, Hidayathullah S, Hegde K, Adhikari P. Parkinsonism: An emerging post COVID sequelae. IDCases. 2022;27:e01388.","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"15","key":"2094_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010282","volume":"95","author":"A M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero A, Laespada-Garc\u00eda MI, G\u00f3mez-Grande A, Ruiz-Ortiz M, Blanco-Palmero VA, Azcarate-Diaz FJ, et al. Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurology. 2020;95(15):e2109\u201318.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2094_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","volume":"19","author":"ME Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen ME, Eichel R, Steiner-Birmanns B, Janah A, Ioshpa M, Bar-Shalom R, et al. A case of probable Parkinson\u2019s disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(10):804\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2094_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28277","volume":"35","author":"I Faber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faber I, Brand\u00e3o PRP, Menegatti F, de Carvalho Bispo DD, Maluf FB, Cardoso F. Coronavirus disease 2019 and Parkinsonism: a non-post-encephalitic case. Mov Disord. 2020;35(10):1721\u20132.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"2094_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.009","volume":"43","author":"P Brundin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brundin P, Nath A, Beckham JD. Is COVID-19 a perfect storm for Parkinson\u2019s disease? Trends Neurosci. 2020;43(12):931\u20133.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2094_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120703","volume":"304","author":"A Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta A, Jayakumar MN, Saleh MA, Kannan M, Halwani R, Qaisar R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection- induced growth factors play differential roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Life Sci. 2022;304:120703.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa349","volume":"222","author":"M Tong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tong M, Jiang Y, Xia D, Xiong Y, Zheng Q, Chen F, et al. Elevated expression of serum endothelial cell adhesion molecules in COVID-19 patients. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(6):894\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2094_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223730","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1223730","volume":"14","author":"LI Onofrio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onofrio LI, Marin C, Dutto J, Brugo MB, Baigorri RE, Bossio SN, et al. COVID-19 patients display changes in lymphocyte subsets with a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8lo T cells associated with disease severity. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1223730.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2094_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264979","volume":"17","author":"IR Turnbull","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turnbull IR, Fuchs A, Remy KE, Kelly MP, Frazier EP, Ghosh S, et al. Dysregulation of the leukocyte signaling landscape during acute COVID-19. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):e0264979.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2094_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202226","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02226-2022","volume":"61","author":"NA Scott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scott NA, Pearmain L, Knight SB, Brand O, Morgan DJ, Jagger C, et al. Monocyte migration profiles define disease severity in acute COVID-19 and unique features of long COVID. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(5):2202226.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2094_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100306","volume":"296","author":"A Bayati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bayati A, Kumar R, Francis V, McPherson PS. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 2021;296:100306.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3COVR0520-272R","volume":"108","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jiang M, Chen X, Montaner LJ. Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts. J Leukoc Biol. 2020;108(1):17\u201341.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1suppl","key":"2094_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613211066691","volume":"103","author":"O Alcas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alcas O, Salda\u00f1a D, Trive\u00f1o A, Salazar M, Mej\u00eda P. Association between olfactory dysfunction and COVID-19 severity: a prospective study in a highly complex hospital in Peru. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024;103(1suppl):S10\u20138.","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2094_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29286","volume":"131","author":"J Saniasiaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saniasiaya J, Islam MA, Abdullah B. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis of 27,492 patients. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(4):865\u201378.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2094_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00145","volume":"14","author":"L Brozzetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brozzetti L, Sacchetto L, Cecchini MP, Avesani A, Perra D, Bongianni M, et al. Neurodegeneration-associated proteins in human olfactory neurons collected by nasal brushing. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:145.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032117","volume":"24","author":"I Fatuzzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fatuzzo I, Niccolini GF, Zoccali F, Cavalcanti L, Bellizzi MG, Riccardi G, et al. Neurons, nose, and neurodegenerative diseases: olfactory function and cognitive impairment. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2117.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2094_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102288","volume":"97","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Qian J, Wang Y, Wang J, Mi X, Qu L, et al. Potential convergence of olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and COVID-19: the role of neuroinflammation. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;97:102288.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"45","key":"2094_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1380-23.2023","volume":"43","author":"K Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang K, Ayala-Grosso C, Bhattarai JP, Sheriff A, Takahashi T, Cristino AS, et al. Unraveling the link between olfactory deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurosci. 2023;43(45):7501\u201310.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2094_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.11.006","volume":"32","author":"L Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin L, Lesnick TG, Maraganore DM, Isacson O. Axon guidance and synaptic maintenance: preclinical markers for neurodegenerative disease and therapeutics. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(3):142\u20139.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2094_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02311-2","volume":"58","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L, Qi Z, Li J, Li M, Du X, Wang S, et al. Roles and mechanisms of axon-guidance molecules in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(7):3290\u2013307.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2094_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00171.x","volume":"19","author":"K Bossers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bossers K, Meerhoff G, Balesar R, van Dongen JW, Kruse CG, Swaab DF, et al. Analysis of gene expression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: possible involvement of neurotrophic support and axon guidance in dopaminergic cell death. Brain Pathol. 2009;19(1):91\u2013107.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2094_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.03.011","volume":"195","author":"MG Mayer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mayer MG, Fischer T. Shared mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 and Alzheimer disease. Am J Pathol. 2025;195(11):2075\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062440","volume":"26","author":"AI Beltran-Velasco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beltran-Velasco AI, Clemente-Su\u00e1rez VJ. Impact of peripheral inflammation on blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6):2440.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2094_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00048","volume":"4","author":"N Herr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herr N, Bode C, Duerschmied D. The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:48.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2094_CR116","unstructured":"The human protein atlas. Available from: https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/"},{"key":"2094_CR117","unstructured":"The GTEx [prtal. Available from: https:\/\/gtexportal.org\/home\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2094_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv074","volume":"42","author":"E Walton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walton E, Hass J, Liu J, Roffman JL, Bernardoni F, Roessner V, et al. Correspondence of DNA methylation between blood and brain tissue and its application to Schizophrenia research. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(2):406\u201314.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"2094_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0605-z","volume":"26","author":"T Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia T, Chu C, Liu Y, Van Dongen J, Papastergios E, Armstrong NJ, et al. Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation and its association with subcortical volumes: findings from the ENIGMA epigenetics working group. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(8):3884\u201395.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2094_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R43","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r43","volume":"13","author":"MN Davies","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davies MN, Volta M, Pidsley R, Lunnon K, Dixit A, Lovestone S, et al. Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biol. 2012;13(6):R43.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Epigenetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:04:47Z","timestamp":1775225087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13148-026-02094-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-7083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-7083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital (formerly Beaumont Health), Royal Oak, MI, USA (approval no. 2020\u2009\u2212\u2009269) and Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA (approval no. NHS 21014).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study does not include any individual participant data (such as images or any personal details) in any form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"During the time that this study was being conducted, PB became an employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche and obtained stock in the company, although none of the data were generated by this company. He also has ownership interests in Acousort AB, Axial Therapeutics, Enterin Inc and Kenai Therapeutics.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}