{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:00:06Z","timestamp":1793325606742,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1C1C1007795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1007795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alz Res Therapy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the risk of dementia in patients with a history of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationwide cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service collected between 2006 and 2017. A total of 752,205 subjects\u2009\u2265\u200945 years of age not diagnosed with dementia until 2006 were included. A multivariate Cox regression model, adjusted for age, sex, and other comorbidities, was used to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia based on VZV or HSV infection. The interaction effects of both viral infections were analysed. Viral infections are classified into four categories: eye, central nervous system (CNS), simple, and complicated. The hazard ratio (HR) of viral infection was analysed based on the type of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multivariable analysis, both HSV and VZV infection were associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR\u2009=\u20091.38, 95% confidence interval, CI:1.33\u20131.43) and (HR\u2009=\u20091.41, 95% CI:1.37\u20131.46), respectively. Patients who experienced both HSV and VZV infections were also at an increased risk of dementia (HR\u2009=\u20091.57, 95% CI:1.50\u20131.63). The co-infection group showed the shortest time from viral infection to dementia diagnosis (4.09\u2009\u00b1\u20093.02 years). In the subgroup analysis, all types of HSV and VZV infections were associated with an increased risk of dementia compared to the non-infection group. The eye, CNS, and complicated VZV infections were associated with a significantly higher risk than simple VZV infections. There were no significant differences between the subtypes of HSV infection. Furthermore, HSV, VSV, and co-infection were associated with an increased risk of all dementia types, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual HSV and VZV infections were associated with an increased risk of all types of dementia, including AD and VD. Patients co-infected with HSV and VZV, VZV infection in the eye, CNS, or complicated type were more vulnerable to the development of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T14:02:11Z","timestamp":1710252131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The associations of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infection with dementia: a nationwide retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eunhae","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Ah","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Young","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyunga","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hui","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1418_CR1","first-page":"79","volume":"84","author":"EL Cunningham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham EL, McGuinness B, Herron B, Passmore AP. Dement Ulster Med J. 2015;84(2):79\u201387.","journal-title":"Dement Ulster Med J"},{"issue":"16","key":"1418_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","volume":"322","author":"Z Arvanitakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and management of Dementia. Rev Jama. 2019;322(16):1589\u201399.","journal-title":"Rev Jama"},{"issue":"10053","key":"1418_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","volume":"388","author":"regional Global","year":"2016","unstructured":"Global regional. National life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1459\u2013544.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1418_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170313122937","volume":"15","author":"M Sochocka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sochocka M, Zwoli\u0144ska K, Leszek J. The infectious etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(7):996\u20131009.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"9267","key":"1418_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04638-9","volume":"357","author":"RJ Whitley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whitley RJ, Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet. 2001;357(9267):1513\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1418_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3040","volume":"14","author":"RD Moir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moir RD, Lathe R, Tanzi RE. The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(12):1602\u201314.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87963-9","volume":"11","author":"MJ Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy MJ, Fani L, Ikram MK, Ghanbari M, Ikram MA. Herpes simplex virus 1 and the risk of dementia: a population-based study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8691.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1418_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000086754.32238.DA","volume":"34","author":"TE Strandberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Strandberg TE, Pitkala KH, Linnavuori KH, Tilvis RS. Impact of viral and bacterial burden on cognitive impairment in elderly persons with cardiovascular diseases. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2126\u201331.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"1418_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003637","volume":"3","author":"L Letenneur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Letenneur L, P\u00e9r\u00e8s K, Fleury H, Garrigue I, Barberger-Gateau P, Helmer C, et al. Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus antibodies and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(11):e3637.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1418_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142853","volume":"48","author":"SA Harris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harris SA, Harris EA. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and other pathogens are key causative factors in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;48(2):319\u201353.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1418_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz560","volume":"221","author":"AN Bubak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bubak AN, Como CN, Coughlan CM, Johnson NR, Hassell JE, Mescher T, et al. Varicella-zoster virus infection of primary human spinal astrocytes produces intracellular amylin, Amyloid-\u03b2, and an amyloidogenic extracellular environment. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(7):1088\u201397.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1418_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220287","volume":"88","author":"DM Cairns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cairns DM, Itzhaki RF, Kaplan DL. Potential involvement of Varicella Zoster Virus in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Reactivation of quiescent herpes simplex virus type 1. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;88(3):1189\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12119","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12119","volume":"7","author":"K Lopatko Lindman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopatko Lindman K, Hemmingsson ES, Weidung B, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m J, Josefsson M, Olsson J, et al. Herpesvirus infections, antiviral treatment, and the risk of dementia-a registry-based cohort study in Sweden. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2021;7(1):e12119.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"1418_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen VC, Wu SI, Huang KY, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Liang HY et al. Herpes zoster and dementia: a Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(1).","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11312"},{"key":"1418_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae S, Yun SC, Kim MC, Yoon W, Lim JS, Lee SO et al. Association of herpes zoster with dementia and effect of antiviral therapy on dementia: a population-based cohort study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01157-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"1418_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14795","volume":"28","author":"C Schnier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schnier C, Janbek J, Williams L, Wilkinson T, Laursen TM, Waldemar G, et al. Antiherpetic medication and incident dementia: observational cohort studies in four countries. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(6):1840\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1418_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51525","volume":"9","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warren-Gash C, Williamson E, Shiekh SI, Borjas-Howard J, Pearce N, Breuer JM, et al. No evidence that herpes zoster is associated with increased risk of dementia diagnosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(3):363\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1418_CR18","first-page":"e660","volume":"99","author":"SA Johannesdottir Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johannesdottir Schmidt SA, Veres K, S\u00f8rensen HT, Obel N, Henderson VW. Incident herpes zoster and risk of dementia: a Population-based Danish cohort study. Neurology. 2022;99(7):e660\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"1418_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.10.044","volume":"82","author":"D Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu D, Wang C, Pang P, Kong H, Lin Z, Wang H, et al. The association between herpes simplex virus type 1 infection and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;82(Pt A):63\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1418_CR20","first-page":"e15","volume":"46","author":"J Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee JS, Park SH, Shin SA, Kim K. Cohort Profile: the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(2):e15.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.1.79","volume":"40","author":"YH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee YH, Han K, Ko SH, Ko KS, Lee KU. Data Analytic process of a Nationwide Population-Based Study Using National Health Information Database Established by National Health Insurance Service. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(1):79\u201382.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0322-2","volume":"9","author":"SM Jeong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeong SM, Shin DW, Lee JE, Hyeon JH, Lee J, Kim S. Anemia is associated with incidence of dementia: a national health screening study in Korea involving 37,900 persons. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):94.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1418_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx261","volume":"73","author":"JE Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee JE, Shin DW, Jeong SM, Son KY, Cho B, Yoon JL, et al. Association between timed up and go Test and Future Dementia Onset. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73(9):1238\u201343.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1418_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.11.001","volume":"210","author":"S Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi S, Jahng WJ, Park SM, Jee D. Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration on Alzheimer or Parkinson Disease: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;210:41\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91026-4","volume":"11","author":"GI Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee GI, Chi SA, Kim K, Seo SW, Kim HJ, Chung TY, et al. Visual impairment increases the risk of dementia, especially in young males in a 12-year longitudinal follow-up study of a national cohort. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11393.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66002-z","volume":"10","author":"JS Paik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paik JS, Ha M, Jung YH, Kim GH, Han KD, Kim HS, et al. Low vision and the risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9109.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1418_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0611-x","volume":"15","author":"N-S Tzeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tzeng N-S, Chung C-H, Lin F-H, Chiang C-P, Yeh C-B, Huang S-Y, et al. Anti-herpetic medications and reduced risk of dementia in patients with herpes Simplex Virus Infections-a Nationwide, Population-based Cohort Study in Taiwan. Neurotherapeutics: J Am Soc Experimental Neurother. 2018;15(2):417\u201329.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics: J Am Soc Experimental Neurother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1418_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-1799-5","volume":"31","author":"RJ Cohrs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohrs RJ, Laguardia JJ, Gilden D. Distribution of latent herpes simplex virus type-1 and varicella zoster virus DNA in human trigeminal ganglia. Virus Genes. 2005;31(2):223\u20137.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"9","key":"1418_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5079","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00252-14","volume":"88","author":"A Sloutskin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sloutskin A, Yee MB, Kinchington PR, Goldstein RS. Varicella-Zoster virus and herpes simplex virus 1 can infect and replicate in the same neurons whether co- or superinfected. J Virol. 2014;88(9):5079\u201386.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"41","key":"1418_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31116","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031116","volume":"101","author":"Y Shim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shim Y, Park M, Kim J. Increased incidence of dementia following herpesvirus infection in the Korean population. Medicine. 2022;101(41):e31116.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"S6","key":"1418_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e041671","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.041671","volume":"16","author":"X Qian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian X, Xiao S. Peripheral nerve conduction study in early cognitive impairment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2020;16(S6):e041671.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"issue":"S10","key":"1418_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e041377","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.041377","volume":"16","author":"WD Brenowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brenowitz WD, Robbins NM, Strotmeyer ES, Yaffe K. Peripheral nerve function and dementia in older adults with and without diabetes. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2020;16(S10):e041377.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"issue":"5","key":"1418_CR33","first-page":"263","volume":"27","author":"M Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhu Y, Shi Z, Li C, Shen Y. Meta-analysis of the relationship of peripheral retinal nerve fiber layer thickness to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Shanghai Archives Psychiatry. 2015;27(5):263\u201379.","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl2","key":"1418_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1056","volume":"74","author":"C Johnston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johnston C. Diagnosis and management of genital herpes: key questions and review of the evidence for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(Suppl2):134\u2013s43.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1418_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13234","volume":"25","author":"S Petti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petti S, Lodi G. The controversial natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Oral Dis. 2019;25(8):1850\u201365.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"1418_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","volume":"1","author":"AA Gershon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, et al. Varicella Zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15016.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"1418_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2010.00804.x","volume":"37","author":"CY Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu CY, Hu HY, Huang N, Pu CY, Shen HC, Chou YJ. Do the health-care workers gain protection against herpes zoster infection? A 6-year population-based study in Taiwan. J Dermatol. 2010;37(5):463\u201370.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1418_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12293","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12293","volume":"8","author":"C Schnier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schnier C, Janbek J, Lathe R, Haas J. Reduced dementia incidence after varicella zoster vaccination in Wales 2013\u20132020. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2022;8(1):e12293.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"1418_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644664","volume":"12","author":"AL Verzosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verzosa AL, McGeever LA, Bhark SJ, Delgado T, Salazar N, Sanchez EL. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infection of neuronal and non-neuronal cells elicits specific Innate Immune responses and Immune Evasion mechanisms. Front Immunol. 2021;12:644664.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1418_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2015.1002469","volume":"15","author":"C Reitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reitz C. Genetic diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15(3):339\u201348.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"1418_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101534","volume":"73","author":"N Veronese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veronese N, Demurtas J, Smith L, Michel JP, Barbagallo M, Bolzetta F, et al. Influenza vaccination reduces dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;73:101534.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1418_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e045871","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045871","volume":"11","author":"A Lophatananon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lophatananon A, Mekli K, Cant R, Burns A, Dobson C, Itzhaki R, et al. Shingles, Zostavax vaccination and risk of developing dementia: a nested case-control study-results from the UK Biobank cohort. BMJ Open. 2021;11(10):e045871.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T14:04:10Z","timestamp":1710511450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alzres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01418-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-9193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-9193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Samsung Medical Center (IRB no. 2018-08-017) and was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable due to the nature of this study and because the data is entirely unidentifiable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"57"}}