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We investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of biological processes (vascular, synaptic, and axonal integrity, neuroinflammation, neurotrophic factors) explain the disconnection between tau pathology and brain atrophy (brain resilience), and tau pathology and cognitive decline (cognitive resilience).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included 428 amyloid positive participants (134 cognitively unimpaired (CU), 128 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 166 with AD dementia) from the BioFINDER-2 study. At baseline, participants underwent tau positron emission tomography (tau-PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cognitive testing, and lumbar puncture. Longitudinal data were available for MRI (mean (standard deviation) follow-up 26.4 (10.7) months) and cognition (25.2 (11.4) months). We analysed 18 pre-selected CSF proteins, reflecting vascular, synaptic, and axonal integrity, neuroinflammation, and neurotrophic factors. Stratifying by cognitive status, we performed linear mixed-effects models with cortical thickness (brain resilience) and global cognition (cognitive resilience) as dependent variables to assess whether the CSF biomarkers interacted with tau-PET levels in its effect on cortical atrophy and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Regarding brain resilience, interaction effects were observed in AD dementia, with vascular integrity biomarkers (VEGF-A (\u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009-0.009, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.047) and VEGF-B (\u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009-0.010, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.037)) negatively moderating the association between tau-PET signal and atrophy. In MCI, higher NfL levels were associated with more longitudinal cortical atrophy (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.109, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.033) and lower baseline cortical thickness (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.708, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.033) controlling for tau-PET signal. Cognitive resilience analyses in CU revealed interactions with tau-PET signal for inflammatory (GFAP, IL-15; \u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub> -0.073\u2013-0.069, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub> 0.001\u20130.045), vascular (VEGF-A, VEGF-D, PGF; \u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub> -0.099\u2013-0.063, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.046), synaptic (14\u20133-3\u03b6\/\u03b4; \u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009-0.092, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.041), axonal (NfL; \u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009-0.079, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and neurotrophic (NGF; \u03b2<jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.091, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) biomarkers. In MCI higher NfL levels (\u03b2<jats:sub>main<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009-0.690, p<jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.025) were associated with faster cognitive decline independent of tau-PET signal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Biomarkers of co-existing pathological processes, in particular vascular pathology and axonal degeneration, interact with levels of tau pathology on its association with the downstream effects of AD pathology (i.e. brain atrophy and cognitive decline). This indicates that vascular pathology and axonal degeneration could impact brain and cognitive resilience.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01591-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T09:02:02Z","timestamp":1728723722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biological mechanisms of resilience to tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Svenningsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana I.","family":"Bocancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Stomrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"van Loenhoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Barkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Mattsson-Carlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Palmqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Ossenkoppele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006875","volume":"92","author":"R Ossenkoppele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ossenkoppele R, Smith R, Ohlsson T, Strandberg O, Mattsson N, Insel PS, et al. 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