{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:44:26Z","timestamp":1794440666102,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alz Res Therapy"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T06:27:10Z","timestamp":1735885630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Transcriptomic predictors of rapid progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi-Long","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Qing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hsuan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yi","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Fen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1651_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200210000-00001","volume":"16","author":"WW Barker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barker WW, Luis CA, Kashuba A, Luis M, Harwood DG, Loewenstein D, et al. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002;16:203\u201312.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"1651_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt143","volume":"4","author":"M Wortmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wortmann M. Dementia: a global health priority - highlights from an ADI and World Health Organization report. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther. 2012;4:40.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther"},{"key":"1651_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307662","volume":"85","author":"RM Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed RM, Paterson RW, Warren JD, Zetterberg H, O\u2019Brien JT, Fox NC, et al. Biomarkers in dementia: clinical utility and new directions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:1426\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1651_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e26b7","volume":"79","author":"TD Koepsell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koepsell TD, Monsell SE. Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: risk factors and prognosis. Neurology. 2012;79:1591\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1651_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.055","volume":"369","author":"SY Pandya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pandya SY, Clem MA, Silva LM, Woon FL. Does mild cognitive impairment always lead to dementia? A review. J Neurol Sci. 2016;369:57\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1651_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neff RA, Wang M, Vatansever S, Guo L, Ming C, Wang Q, et al. Molecular subtyping of Alzheimer's disease using RNA sequencing data reveals novel mechanisms and targets. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabb5398.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5398"},{"key":"1651_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0079-7","volume":"14","author":"H Hampel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hampel H, O\u2019Bryant SE, Molinuevo JL, Zetterberg H, Masters CL, Lista S, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:639\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1651_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00714-8","volume":"53","author":"LL Xiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiong LL, Xue LL, Du RL, Niu RZ, Chen L, Chen J, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals B cell-related molecular biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:1888\u2013901.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"1651_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645666","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.645666","volume":"12","author":"H Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu H, Jia J. Single-Cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood reveals immune cell signatures in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12:645666.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1651_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2011.11.007","volume":"168","author":"B Croisile","year":"2012","unstructured":"Croisile B, Auriacombe S, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Vercelletto M, National Institute on A, Alzheimer A. The new 2011 recommendations of the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer\u2019s Association on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Preclinal stages, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. Revue Neurologique. 2012;168:471\u201382.","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"1651_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","volume":"7","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:270\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1651_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","volume":"12","author":"B Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li B, Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1651_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1651_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","volume":"58","author":"R Tibshirani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tibshirani R. Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol). 1996;58:267\u201388.","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol)"},{"key":"1651_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V. Support-vector networks. Mach Learn. 1995;20:273\u201397.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"1651_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Random forests. Mach Learn. 2001;45:5\u201332.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"1651_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2144\/03342mt01","volume":"34","author":"AI Saeed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saeed AI, Sharov V, White J, Li J, Liang W, Bhagabati N, et al. TM4: a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis. Biotechniques. 2003;34:374\u20138.","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"1651_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00549-x","volume":"17","author":"BM Bettcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bettcher BM, Tansey MG, Dorothee G, Heneka MT. Peripheral and central immune system crosstalk in Alzheimer disease - a research prospectus. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17:689\u2013701.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1651_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7493-1_12","volume":"1711","author":"B Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen B, Khodadoust MS, Liu CL, Newman AM, Alizadeh AA. Profiling tumor infiltrating immune cells with CIBERSORT. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1711:243\u201359.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1651_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00045","volume":"4","author":"A Elali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elali A, Rivest S. The role of ABCB1 and ABCA1 in beta-amyloid clearance at the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Physiol. 2013;4:45.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1651_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C45","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00089.2020","volume":"319","author":"JS Isenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isenberg JS, Roberts DD. Thrombospondin-1 in maladaptive aging responses: a concept whose time has come. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2020;319:C45\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1651_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-017-0023-4","volume":"4","author":"S Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang S, Byun J, Son SM, Mook-Jung I. Thrombospondin-1 protects against Abeta-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in hippocampal cells. Cell Death Discov. 2018;4:31.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"1651_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2014.10.015","volume":"427","author":"CB Gerhold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerhold CB, Hauer MH, Gasser SM. INO80-C and SWR-C: guardians of the genome. J Mol Biol. 2015;427:637\u201351.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"1651_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.968","volume":"91","author":"L Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo L, Zhong MB, Zhang L, Zhang B, Cai D. Sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from the multiomics landscape. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91:61\u201371.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1651_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735611","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.735611","volume":"13","author":"MD Paranjpe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paranjpe MD, Belonwu S, Wang JK, Oskotsky T, Gupta A, Taubes A, et al. Sex-specific cross tissue meta-analysis identifies immune dysregulation in women with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:735611.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1651_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.08.020","volume":"96","author":"A Caceres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caceres A, Gonzalez JR. Female-specific risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with tau phosphorylation processes: A transcriptome-wide interaction analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2020;96:104\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1651_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105230","volume":"145","author":"N Wickramasuriya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wickramasuriya N, Hawkins R, Atwood C, Butler T. The roles of GnRH in the human central nervous system. Horm Behav. 2022;145:105230.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"1651_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0483-3","volume":"31","author":"A Ardura-Fabregat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ardura-Fabregat A, Boddeke E, Boza-Serrano A, Brioschi S, Castro-Gomez S, Ceyz\u00e9riat K, et al. Targeting neuroinflammation to treat Alzheimer\u2019s disease. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:1057\u201382.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1651_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000510677","volume":"49","author":"M Mu\u00f1oz-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Jim\u00e9nez M, Zaarkti A, Garc\u00eda-Arn\u00e9s JA, Garc\u00eda-Casares N. Antidiabetic drugs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2020;49:423\u201334.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"1651_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71832-y","volume":"10","author":"A Di Costanzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Costanzo A, Paris D, Melck D, Angiolillo A, Corso G, Maniscalco M, et al. Blood biomarkers indicate that the preclinical stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease present overlapping molecular features. Sci Rep. 2020;10:15612.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1651_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35789-3","volume":"8","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X, Wang H, Long J, Pan G, He T, Anichtchik O, et al. Systematic analysis and biomarker study for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep. 2018;8:17394.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1651_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277322","volume":"17","author":"BK Karaman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karaman BK, Mormino EC, Sabuncu MR. Machine learning based multi-modal prediction of future decline toward Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an empirical study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0277322.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1651_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","volume":"4","author":"JW Kinney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinney JW, Bemiller SM, Murtishaw AS, Leisgang AM, Salazar AM, Lamb BT. Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2018;4:575\u201390.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"1651_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz400","volume":"143","author":"Y Iturria-Medina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iturria-Medina Y, Khan AF, Adewale Q, Shirazi AH. Blood and brain gene expression trajectories mirror neuropathology and clinical deterioration in neurodegeneration. Brain. 2020;143:661\u201373.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1651_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0113-8","volume":"29","author":"R Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu R, Li A, Sun B, Sun JG, Zhang J, Zhang T, et al. A novel m(6)A reader Prrc2a controls oligodendroglial specification and myelination. Cell Res. 2019;29:23\u201341.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"1651_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn7774","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn7774","volume":"8","author":"X Chi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chi X, Jin W, Zhao X, Xie T, Shao J, Bai X, et al. RORgammat expression in mature T(H)17 cells safeguards their lineage specification by inhibiting conversion to T(H)2 cells. Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabn7774.","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"1651_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6","volume":"15","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhao F, Ma X, Perry G, Zhu X. Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent advances. Mol Neurodegener. 2020;15:30.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T07:11:10Z","timestamp":1735888270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alzres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01651-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-9193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-9193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol for this longitudinal study cohort (from 2012 to 2022), was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Taipei-VGH (IRB no. 2012\u201311-003A and 2017\u201307-015C) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}