{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:26:27Z","timestamp":1793496387164,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongqing Talent Plan","award":["cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0184"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Plan","award":["cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0184"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJZD-K202200405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-K202200405"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJZD-K202200405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-K202200405"]}]},{"name":"Science Innovation Programs Led by the Academicians in Chongqing under Project","award":["2022YSZX-JSX0002CSTB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YSZX-JSX0002CSTB"]}]},{"name":"Science Innovation Programs Led by the Academicians in Chongqing under Project","award":["2022YSZX-JSX0002CSTB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YSZX-JSX0002CSTB"]}]},{"name":"STI2030-Major Projects","award":["No. 2021ZD0201802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021ZD0201802"]}]},{"name":"STI2030-Major Projects","award":["No. 2021ZD0201802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021ZD0201802"]}]},{"name":"Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University","award":["W0166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W0166"]}]},{"name":"Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University","award":["W0166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W0166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alz Res Therapy"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:32:28Z","timestamp":1735864348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid \u03b22-microglobulin promotes the tau pathology through microglia\u2013astrocyte communication in Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zehu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuxin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12694","volume":"19","author":"A Gustavsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gustavsson A, Norton N, Fast T, Fr\u00f6lich L, Georges J, Holzapfel D, et al. Global estimates on the number of persons across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(2):658\u201370.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0532-1","volume":"118","author":"C Duyckaerts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC. Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;118(1):5\u201336.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300470","volume":"3","author":"O Carrette","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carrette O, Demalte I, Scherl A, Yalkinoglu O, Corthals G, Burkhard P, et al. A panel of cerebrospinal fluid potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proteomics. 2003;3(8):1486\u201394.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01217-6","volume":"15","author":"YM Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang YM, Ma YH, Gao PY, Wang ZB, Huang LY, Hou JH, et al. Plasma \u03b2(2)-microglobulin and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in cognitively intact older adults: the CABLE study. Alzheimer's Res Ther. 2023;15(1):69.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1428","volume":"5","author":"LM Boulanger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(7):521\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5499","key":"1665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5499.2155","volume":"290","author":"GS Huh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huh GS, Boulanger LM, Du H, Riquelme PA, Brotz TM, Shatz CJ. Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity. Science (New York, NY). 2000;290(5499):2155\u20139.","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3898","volume":"21","author":"LK Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith LK, He Y, Park JS, Bieri G, Snethlage CE, Lin K, et al. \u03b22-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis. Nat Med. 2015;21(8):932\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01352-1","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zheng Q, Hong Y, Gao Y, Hu J, Lang M, et al. \u03b2(2)-Microglobulin coaggregates with A\u03b2 and contributes to amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease model mice. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26(7):1170\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15410","volume":"182","author":"A van Westrhenen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Westrhenen A, Smidt LC, Seute T, Nierkens S, Stork AC, Minnema MC, et al. Diagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review. Br J Haematol\n. 2018;182(3):384\u2013403.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12554","volume":"18","author":"A Padovani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Padovani A, Canale A, Schiavon L, Masciocchi S, Imarisio A, Risi B, et al. Is amyloid involved in acute neuroinflammation? A CSF analysis in encephalitis. Alzheimers Dement\n. 2022;18(11):2167\u201375.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00822-1","volume":"19","author":"R Patani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patani R, Hardingham GE, Liddelow SA. Functional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023;19(7):395\u2013409.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02348-3","volume":"58","author":"PF Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang PF, Hu H, Tan L, Yu JT. Microglia Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(7):3388\u2013404.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"243","key":"1665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243ra86","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009093","volume":"6","author":"G Kleinberger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kleinberger G, Yamanishi Y, Su\u00e1rez-Calvet M, Czirr E, Lohmann E, Cuyvers E, et al. TREM2 mutations implicated in neurodegeneration impair cell surface transport and phagocytosis. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(243):243ra86.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.7","volume":"17","author":"M Colonna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colonna M, Wang Y. TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(4):201\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506123","volume":"8","author":"M Su\u00e1rez-Calvet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Calvet M, Kleinberger G, Araque Caballero M, Brendel M, Rominger A, Alcolea D, et al. sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease and associate with neuronal injury markers. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8(5):466\u201376.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"1665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101622","volume":"78","author":"MS Uddin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uddin MS, Lim LW. Glial cells in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;78:101622.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.03.038","volume":"647","author":"AL Bombeiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bombeiro AL, Hell RC, Sim\u00f5es GF, Castro MV, Oliveira AL. Importance of major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC-I) expression for astroglial reactivity and stability of neural circuits in vitro. Neurosci Lett. 2017;647:97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2022.10.004","volume":"128","author":"RS Ignarro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ignarro RS, Bombeiro AL, Chiarotto GB, Cartarozzi LP, Coser LO, Ghizoni E, et al. Interferon-beta induces major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC-I) expression and a proinflammatory phenotype in cultivated human astrocytes. Differentiation. 2022;128:43\u201356.","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.11.006","volume":"25","author":"SF Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter SF, Herholz K, Rosa-Neto P, Pellerin L, Nordberg A, Zimmer ER. Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Trends Mol Med. 2019;25(2):77\u201395.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1153-z","volume":"20","author":"M Olsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olsen M, Aguilar X, Sehlin D, Fang XT, Antoni G, Erlandsson A, et al. Astroglial Responses to Amyloid-Beta Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mol Imag Biol. 2018;20(4):605\u201314.","journal-title":"Mol Imag Biol"},{"key":"1665_CR21","unstructured":"Carrillo MC, Masliah E, editors. NIA-AA Revised Clinical Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's Association International Conference: ALZ; 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00565-0","volume":"4","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, You J, Zhang Y, Liu WS, Huang YY, Zhang YR, et al. Plasma proteomic profiles predict future dementia in healthy adults. Nature Aging. 2024;4(2):247\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature Aging"},{"key":"1665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C, Liu TC, Duan R, Yang L. \u03b22\u2010microglobulin: An essential coaggregation factor with \u03b2\u2010amyloid in amyloid pathology. Brain-X. 2023;1(4):49.","DOI":"10.1002\/brx2.49"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.005","volume":"11","author":"PS Aisen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aisen PS, Petersen RC, Donohue M, Weiner MW. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 Clinical Core: Progress and plans. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(7):734\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1665_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400178","volume":"9","author":"DS Spellman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spellman DS, Wildsmith KR, Honigberg LA, Tuefferd M, Baker D, Raghavan N, et al. Development and evaluation of a multiplexed mass spectrometry based assay for measuring candidate peptide biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) CSF. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2015;9(7\u20138):715\u201331.","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"1665_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9712","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809712","volume":"10","author":"M Su\u00e1rez-Calvet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Calvet M, Capell A, Araque Caballero M\u00c1, Morenas-Rodr\u00edguez E, Fellerer K, Franzmeier N, et al. CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and is associated with sTREM 2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. EMBO Mol Med. 2018;10(12):e9712.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"1665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.09.009","volume":"12","author":"T Bittner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bittner T, Zetterberg H, Teunissen CE, Ostlund RE Jr, Militello M, Andreasson U, et al. Technical performance of a novel, fully automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantitation of \u03b2-amyloid (1\u201342) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(5):517\u201326.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0301-5","volume":"14","author":"M Su\u00e1rez-Calvet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Calvet M, Morenas-Rodr\u00edguez E, Kleinberger G, Schlepckow K, Araque Caballero M, Franzmeier N, et al. Early increase of CSF sTREM2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with tau related-neurodegeneration but not with amyloid-\u03b2 pathology. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):1.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"10","key":"1665_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1282","volume":"69","author":"JD Doecke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doecke JD, Laws SM, Faux NG, Wilson W, Burnham SC, Lam CP, et al. Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(10):1318\u201325.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1665_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535\u201362.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"1665_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173\u201382.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0375-7","volume":"25","author":"S Ayton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayton S, Wang Y, Diouf I, Schneider JA, Brockman J, Morris MC, et al. Brain iron is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer pathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(11):2932\u201341.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2188","volume":"34","author":"C Yoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoo C, Yoon DH, Kim S, Huh J, Park CS, Park CJ, et al. Serum beta-2 microglobulin as a prognostic biomarker in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol. 2016;34(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"47","key":"1665_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76934","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12734","volume":"7","author":"S Seo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seo S, Hong JY, Yoon S, Yoo C, Park JH, Lee JB, et al. Prognostic significance of serum beta-2 microglobulin in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Oncotarget. 2016;7(47):76934\u201343.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1665_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.3379.3379","volume":"124","author":"T Muta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muta T, Iida S, Matsue K, Sunami K, Isoda J, Harada N, et al. Predictive Significance of Serum Beta 2-Microglobulin Levels and M-Protein Velocity for Symptomatic Progression of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2014;124:3379.","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000362670","volume":"87","author":"L Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu L, Wang T, Gui W, Lin H, Xie K, Wang H, et al. Prognostic significance of serum beta-2 microglobulin in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncology. 2014;87(1):40\u20137.","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"31","key":"1665_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10916","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i31.10916","volume":"20","author":"B Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz B, K\u00f6kl\u00fc S, Y\u00fcksel O, Arslan S. Serum beta 2-microglobulin as a biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(31):10916\u201320.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1665_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00036","volume":"8","author":"PC Sivanathan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sivanathan PC, Ooi KS, Mohammad Haniff MAS, Ahmadipour M, Dee CF, Mokhtar NM, et al. Lifting the Veil: Characteristics, Clinical Significance, and Application of \u03b2-2-Microglobulin as Biomarkers and Its Detection with Biosensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022;8(8):3142\u201361.","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0142-1","volume":"7","author":"MI Kester","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kester MI, Teunissen CE, Sutphen C, Herries EM, Ladenson JH, Xiong C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid VILIP-1 and YKL-40, candidate biomarkers to diagnose, predict and monitor Alzheimer\u2019s disease in a memory clinic cohort. Alzheimer's Res Ther. 2015;7(1):59.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1399-2","volume":"16","author":"K Nordengen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nordengen K, Kirsebom BE, Henjum K, Selnes P, G\u00edslad\u00f3ttir B, Wettergreen M, et al. Glial activation and inflammation along the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1):46.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1665_CR41","first-page":"581","volume":"10","author":"Z Fei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei Z, Pan B, Pei R, Ye S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of IVIG against Alzheimer\u2019 s Disease via Regulation of Antigen Processing and Presentation by MHC Class I Molecules in 3xTg-AD Mice. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(3):581\u201394.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1665_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780164.x","volume":"78","author":"J Floege","year":"2001","unstructured":"Floege J, Ketteler M. beta2-microglobulin-derived amyloidosis: an update. Kidney Int Suppl. 2001;78:S164\u201371.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"1665_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.05.007","volume":"84","author":"MK Sullivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Rosales BM, Cutting R, Wyld ML, Woodward M, et al. Sex and the Relationship Between Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Estimated GFR Decline: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2024;84(6):731-41.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1665_CR44","first-page":"00712","volume":"S0085\u20132538","author":"Y Kitai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitai Y, Toriu N, Yoshikawa T, Sahara Y, Kinjo S, Shimizu Y, et al. Female sex hormones inversely regulate acute kidney disease susceptibility throughout life. Kidney Int. 2024;S0085\u20132538:00712.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"17","key":"1665_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180073","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI180073","volume":"134","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lindsey SH. Metabolic benefits afforded by estradiol and testosterone in both sexes: clinical considerations. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(17):e180073.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"42","key":"1665_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz392","volume":"40","author":"PS Garimella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garimella PS, Lee AK, Ambrosius WT, Bhatt U, Cheung AK, Chonchol M, et al. Markers of kidney tubule function and risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality in the SPRINT trial. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(42):3486\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1665_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belarbia A, Nouira S, Sahtout W, Guedri Y, Achour A. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease.\u00a0Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(5):931\u201340.","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.164573"},{"issue":"9","key":"1665_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091088998","volume":"98","author":"TJ Sproule","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sproule TJ, Jazwinska EC, Britton RS, Bacon BR, Fleming RE, Sly WS, et al. Naturally variant autosomal and sex-linked loci determine the severity of iron overload in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(9):5170\u20134.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1665_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042701499","volume":"99","author":"A Waheed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waheed A, Grubb JH, Zhou XY, Tomatsu S, Fleming RE, Costaldi ME, et al. Regulation of transferrin-mediated iron uptake by HFE, the protein defective in hereditary hemochromatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(5):3117\u201322.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1665_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4413","volume":"5","author":"Y Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao Y, Chen ZL, Norris EH, Strickland S. Astrocytic laminin regulates pericyte differentiation and maintains blood brain barrier integrity. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3413.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0325-8","volume":"22","author":"M Santello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santello M, Toni N, Volterra A. Astrocyte function from information processing to cognition and cognitive impairment. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(2):154\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1665_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3671","volume":"78","author":"AL Benedet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benedet AL, Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0 M, Vrillon A, Ashton NJ, Pascoal TA, Lussier F, et al. Differences Between Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels Across the Alzheimer Disease Continuum. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(12):1471\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1665_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01716-2","volume":"27","author":"JP Ferrari-Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrari-Souza JP, Ferreira PCL, Bellaver B, Tissot C, Wang YT, Leffa DT, et al. Astrocyte biomarker signatures of amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathologies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(11):4781\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1665_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01193-z","volume":"26","author":"V Calsolaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calsolaro V, Matthews PM, Donat CK, Livingston NR, Femminella GD, Guedes SS, et al. Astrocyte reactivity with late-onset cognitive impairment assessed in vivo using (11)C-BU99008 PET and its relationship with amyloid load. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(10):5848\u201355.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"33","key":"1665_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102191118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102191118","volume":"118","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Kulas JA, Wang C, Holtzman DM, Ferris HA, Hansen SB. Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(33):e2102191118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"5","key":"1665_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae035","volume":"147","author":"P S\u00e1nchez-Juan","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Juan P, Valeriano-Lorenzo E, Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Pastor AB, Rodrigo Lara H, L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez F, et al. Serum GFAP levels correlate with astrocyte reactivity, post-mortem brain atrophy and neurofibrillary tangles. Brain. 2024;147(5):1667\u201379.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"1665_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23299","volume":"66","author":"A Sobue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sobue A, Ito N, Nagai T, Shan W, Hada K, Nakajima A, et al. Astroglial major histocompatibility complex class I following immune activation leads to behavioral and neuropathological changes. Glia. 2018;66(5):1034\u201352.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"10","key":"1665_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12131","volume":"16","author":"M Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0 M, Salvad\u00f3 G, Gispert JD, Vilor-Tejedor N, Grau-Rivera O, Sala-Vila A, et al. Amyloid beta, tau, synaptic, neurodegeneration, and glial biomarkers in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer\u2019s continuum. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(10):1358\u201371.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"1665_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2018.1468825","volume":"23","author":"R Dominici","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dominici R, Finazzi D, Polito L, Oldoni E, Bugari G, Montanelli A, et al. Comparison of \u03b2 2-microglobulin serum level between Alzheimer\u2019s patients, cognitive healthy and mild cognitive impaired individuals. Biomarkers. 2018;23(6):603\u20138.","journal-title":"Biomarkers."},{"issue":"3","key":"1665_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng F, Edison P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(3):157\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36791-8","volume":"14","author":"M Wilkinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilkinson M, Gallardo RU, Martinez RM, Guthertz N, So M, Aubrey LD, et al. Disease-relevant \u03b2(2)-microglobulin variants share a common amyloid fold. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1190.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1665_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1002\/brx2.49","volume":"1","author":"C Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu C, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. \u03b22-microglobulin: An essential coaggregation factor with \u03b2-amyloid in amyloid pathology. Brain-X. 2023;1(4):e49.","journal-title":"Brain-X."},{"issue":"6","key":"1665_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00851-3","volume":"24","author":"KA Zalocusky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zalocusky KA, Najm R, Taubes AL, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Koutsodendris N, et al. Neuronal ApoE upregulates MHC-I expression to drive selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(6):786\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1665_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20015","volume":"91","author":"N Laham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laham N, Rotem-Yehudar R, Shechter C, Coligan JE, Ehrlich R. Transferrin [corrected] receptor association and endosomal localization of soluble HFE are not sufficient for regulation of cellular iron homeostasis. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91(6):1130\u201345.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"1665_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12282","volume":"17","author":"S Ayton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ayton S, Portbury S, Kalinowski P, Agarwal P, Diouf I, Schneider JA, et al. Regional brain iron associated with deterioration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A large cohort study and theoretical significance. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(7):1244\u201356.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1665_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01126-5","volume":"9","author":"B Kenkhuis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kenkhuis B, Somarakis A, de Haan L, Dzyubachyk O, ME IJ, de Miranda N, et al. Iron loading is a prominent feature of activated microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021;9(1):27.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","volume":"217","author":"DV Hansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansen DV, Hanson JE, Sheng M. Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Cell Biol. 2018;217(2):459\u201372.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1665_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2008.01.010","volume":"15","author":"AM Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray AM. Cognitive impairment in the aging dialysis and chronic kidney disease populations: an occult burden. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2008;15(2):123\u201332.","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1665_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102224","volume":"98","author":"V Kumar Nelson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, et al. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;98: 102224.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1665_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00496-9","volume":"124","author":"T Togo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Togo T, Akiyama H, Iseki E, Kondo H, Ikeda K, Kato M, et al. Occurrence of T cells in the brain of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;124(1\u20132):83\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T01:07:15Z","timestamp":1735866435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alzres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01665-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-9193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-9193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ADNI was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating institutions. All participants provided written informed consent by the Declaration of Helsinki before study enrollment. All study participants, authorized representatives, and study partners have provided written informed consent, and each participating site of ADNI has obtained the necessary ethical permits. More details can be found at adni.loni.usc.edu.ADNI study is conducted in compliance with the protocol, by GCP guidelines, and in full conformity with Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research codified in 45 CFR Part 46\u2014Protection of Human Subjects, 21 CFR Part 50\u2014Protection of Human Subjects, 21 CFR Part 56\u2014IRBs, and\/or the ICH E6, HIPAA, State and Federal regulations and all other applicable local regulatory requirements and laws. Study personnel involved in conducting this study will be qualified by education, training, and experience to perform their respective task(s) by GCP. Informed consent will be obtained by US 21 CFR 50.25, the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Humans and the Health Canada and ICH Good Clinical Practice. Applicable HIPAA privacy notifications will be implemented, and HIPAA authorizations signed before protocol procedures are carried out. Information should be given in both oral and written form as deemed appropriate by the site\u2019s IRB.All work complied with ethical regulations for working with human participants. Ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review boards of each institution involved: Oregon Health and Science University; University of Southern California; University of California\u2014San Diego and so on.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}