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The pathogenesis and treatments for these two conditions are very different. Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells are immune cells with an important role in shaping the immune response. B cells are involved in antigen presentation as well as antibody and cytokine production. There is conflicting evidence of the roles of NK, NKT, and B cells in the two conditions. We aimed to compare the frequency of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK, CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NKT, and CD5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells in the peripheral blood and serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with MS and NMOSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B, CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK, and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NKT cells were quantitated by flow cytometry in 15 individuals with Interferon-Beta (IFN-\u03b2) treated relapsing\u2013remitting MS (RRMS), 15 untreated RRMS, and 15 NMOSD patients as well as 30 healthy controls (HC). Serum IL-10 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK cells in the peripheral blood of IFN-treated MS (1.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.87) was significantly lower than for untreated RRMS (4.74\u2009\u00b1\u20091.80), NMOSD (4.64\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26) and HC (5.83\u2009\u00b1\u20092.19) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). There were also differences for the percentage of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0007; respectively). IFN-treated RRMS (2.89\u2009\u00b1\u20091.51) had the lowest proportion of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>among the study groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.002). Untreated RRMS (5.56\u2009\u00b1\u20093.04) and NMOSD (5.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24) had higher levels of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>than the HC (3.16\u2009\u00b1\u20091.98). The mean percentage of CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells in the peripheral blood of untreated RRMS patients (1.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.67) was higher compared to the patients with NMOSD (0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20), HC (0.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22) and IFN-treated RRMS (0.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Serum interleukin-10 was significantly higher in the IFN-treated RRMS (8.06\u2009\u00b1\u20095.39) and in HC (8.38\u2009\u00b1\u20092.84) compared to untreated RRMS (5.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.44) and the patients with NMOSD (5.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.56) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lower proportion of CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells in peripheral blood of IFN-treated RRMS compared to other groups suggests the importance of immunomodulation in patients with RRMS disorder. Based on the differences in CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>B cells and serum IL-10 between patients and HC, supplementary assessments could be of value in clarifying their roles in autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-021-00596-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T17:12:59Z","timestamp":1642180379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The frequencies of peripheral blood CD5+CD19+ B cells, CD3\u2212CD16+CD56+ NK, and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and serum interleukin-10 in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Khani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mir Hadi","family":"Jazayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Nedaeinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Bozorgmehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Masood","family":"Nabavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Ferns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"596_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.05.002","volume":"33","author":"S Ozakbas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozakbas S, Cinar BP, Kahraman T. 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