{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:39:26Z","timestamp":1789472366448,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The incidence of allergic diseases has been increasing in Japan. In particular, a serious decline in the age of onset of allergic rhinitis has been observed. Passive smoking from parental smoking has a significant impact on children\u2019s health; however, it is difficult to restrict smoking in the home. While various studies have previously reported on the relationship between passive smoking and the development of allergic diseases in children. However, there have been no reports on passive smoking and allergic diseases on a national scale.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using Japanese national longitudinal survey data (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938,444) for newborns born between May 10 and 24, 2010, we assessed parental smoking habits when their children were 6 months old and investigated the association with the development of allergic diseases until the age of 5.5 years. The risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the development of different allergic diseases were analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders using Poisson regression with a robust error variance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The risk ratio for developing allergic rhinitis\/allergic conjunctivitis (AR\/AC) in children was significantly higher in the maternal smoking groups (\u2009\u2266\u200910 cigarettes\/day; RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.30; \u226711 cigarettes\/day; RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.93\u20131.44). Furthermore, associations were found between the maternal smoking group in the presence of paternal smoking and the risk of developing bronchial asthma (\u2009\u2266\u200910, RR 1.33 95% CI 1.17\u20131.52; \u226711, RR 1.71 95% CI 1.38\u20132.1), food allergy (\u2009\u2266\u200910, RR 1.36 95% CI 1.12\u20131.63; \u226711, RR 1.25 95% CI 0.84\u20131.86), atopic dermatitis (\u2009\u2266\u200910, RR 1.42 95% CI 1.22\u20131.66; \u226711, RR 1.6 95% CI 1.2\u20132.13), and AR\/AC (\u2009\u2266\u200910, RR 1.21 95% CI 1.07\u20131.36; \u226711, RR 1.35 95% CI 1.09\u20131.67).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Maternal smoking during infancy increases the risk of developing AR\/AC in children. Considering paternal smoking, maternal smoking further increased the risk of developing allergic diseases in children, suggesting that reducing parental smoking at home may reduce the risk of developing allergic diseases in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-025-00952-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T08:49:35Z","timestamp":1737103775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Maternal smoking during infancy increases the risk of allergic diseases in children: a nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Shigehara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Tsuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Uda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukie","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Yashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yorifuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205806","volume":"121","author":"X Sureda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sureda X, Fern\u00e1ndez E, L\u00f3pez MJ, Nebot M. 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Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences (No. 1506-073).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data. Informed consent is not necessary for this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}