{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:47:19Z","timestamp":1792000039962,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Omalizumab and mepolizumab are effective biologic therapies for severe asthma. However, their comparative effectiveness in patients eligible for both treatments remains unclear in routine care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the real-world effectiveness of mepolizumab and omalizumab in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included patients with asthma who were treated with omalizumab or mepolizumab. Eligible patients had a blood eosinophil count\u2009\u2265\u2009150 cells\/\u03bcL (or\u2009\u2265\u2009300\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL within the prior year), total Immunoglobulin E (IgE)\u2009\u2265\u200930\u00a0IU\/mL, and sensitization to a perennial inhalant allergen. The primary endpoint was the adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for asthma exacerbation during the first year of treatment. Secondary endpoints were IRRs for emergency room (ER) visits and hospitalizations, subgroup IRRs stratified by baseline eosinophil count (&lt;\u2009300 cells\/\u03bcL vs.\u2009\u2265\u2009300\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL), and change in oral corticosteroid (OCS) dose. Poisson regression models were adjusted for BMI, eosinophil count, and prior-year exacerbations; ER and hospitalization models additionally adjusted for prior ER visits and hospitalizations. Follow-up time was accounted for via an offset term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 49 patients (omalizumab, n\u2009=\u200925; mepolizumab, n\u2009=\u200924). Mepolizumab significantly reduced asthma exacerbations compared with omalizumab (IRR, 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19\u20130.69). In the subgroup analyses, this effect was significant in patients with baseline eosinophil counts\u2009&lt;\u2009300\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL (IRR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.14\u20130.88) but not in those with baseline eosinophil counts\u2009\u2265\u2009300\u00a0cells\/\u03bcL (IRR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.15\u20131.35). There were no significant between-group differences in the number of ER visits or hospitalizations. The OCS dose was reduced in both groups, with no significant between-group difference in the mean dose reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients eligible for both therapies, mepolizumab reduced clinically significant exacerbations more than omalizumab in real-world practice. Although ER visits, hospitalizations, and OCS-sparing were comparable, these findings may help inform biologic selection when exacerbation reduction is prioritized but require confirmation in larger multicenter studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:54:38Z","timestamp":1784213678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of mepolizumab and omalizumab in patients eligible for both: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Inoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihiko","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Funaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumu","family":"Otsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1055_CR1","unstructured":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global initiative for asthma (GINA); 2024. https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/GINA-2024-Strategy-Report-24_05_22_WMS.pdf; 2024. Accessed 17 Apr 2025"},{"key":"1055_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.042","volume":"135","author":"PW Hekking","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hekking PW, Wener RR, Amelink M, Zwinderman AH, Bouvy ML, Bel EH. The prevalence of severe refractory asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:896\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.042.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.462","volume":"123","author":"RA Settipane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Settipane RA, Kreindler JL, Chung Y, Tkacz J. Evaluating direct costs and productivity losses of patients with asthma receiving GINA 4\/5 therapy in the United States. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;123:564-572.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.462.","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.09.051","volume":"9","author":"L Fr\u00f8ssing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8ssing L, Silberbrandt A, Von B\u00fclow A, Backer V, Porsbjerg C. The prevalence of subtypes of type 2 inflammation in an unselected population of patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9:1267\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.09.051.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"1055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S402326","volume":"16","author":"C Schiffers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schiffers C, Wouters EFM, Breyer-Kohansal R, Buhl R, Pohl W, Irvin CG, et al. Asthma prevalence and phenotyping in the general population: the LEAD (lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy) study. J Asthma Allergy. 2023;16:367\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JAA.S402326.","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00772.x","volume":"60","author":"M Humbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, Slavin R, H\u00e9bert J, Bousquet J, et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy. 2005;60:309\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00772.x.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12815","volume":"71","author":"I Abraham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abraham I, Alhossan A, Lee CS, Kutbi H, MacDonald K. \u2018Real-life\u2019 effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma: systematic review. Allergy. 2016;71:593\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.12815.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.02.002","volume":"5","author":"A Alhossan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alhossan A, Lee CS, MacDonald K, Abraham I. \u2018Real-life\u2019 effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma: meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:1362-1370.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.02.002.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"1055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.2008431","volume":"59","author":"E Israel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Israel E, Canonica GW, Brusselle G, Yang S, Howarth PH, Martin AL, et al. Real-life effectiveness of mepolizumab in severe asthma: a systematic literature review. J Asthma. 2022;59:2201\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02770903.2021.2008431.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"1055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2032506","volume":"386","author":"GG Brusselle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brusselle GG, Koppelman GH. Biologic therapies for severe asthma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:157\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2032506.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13850","volume":"74","author":"KR Chapman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chapman KR, Albers FC, Chipps B, Mu\u00f1oz X, Devouassoux G, Bergna M, et al. The clinical benefit of mepolizumab replacing omalizumab in uncontrolled severe eosinophilic asthma. Allergy. 2019;74:1716\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.13850.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15711","volume":"78","author":"PE Pfeffer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pfeffer PE, Ali N, Murray R, Ulrik C, Tran TN, Maspero J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of anti\u2010IL5 and anti\u2010IgE biologic classes in patients with severe asthma eligible for both. Allergy. 2023;78:1934\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.15711.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2022.2074195","volume":"25","author":"A Menzies-Gow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menzies-Gow A, Steenkamp J, Singh S, Erhardt W, Rowell J, Rane P, et al. Tezepelumab compared with other biologics for the treatment of severe asthma: a systematic review and indirect treatment comparison. J Med Econ. 2022;25:679\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13696998.2022.2074195.","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"1055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.01.020","volume":"151","author":"AT Akenroye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akenroye AT, Segal JB, Zhou G, Foer D, Li L, Alexander GC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of omalizumab, mepolizumab, and dupilumab in asthma: a target trial emulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151:1269\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.01.020.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16537","volume":"80","author":"BJ Lipworth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lipworth BJ, Greig R, Chan R, Kuo CR, Jackson C. Head\u2010to\u2010head comparison of biologic efficacy in asthma: what have we learned? Allergy. 2025;80:1226\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.16537.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63(s86) 86:8\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x"},{"key":"1055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60618-7","volume":"99","author":"RA Wood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wood RA, Segall N, Ahlstedt S, Williams PB. Accuracy of IgE antibody laboratory results. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99:34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60618-7.","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090749","volume":"14","author":"V Cornelius","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cornelius V, Babalis D, Carroll WD, Cunningham S, Fleming L, Gaillard E, et al. Treating severe paediatric asthma with mepolizumab or omalizumab: a protocol for the TREAT randomised non-inferiority trial. BMJ Open. 2024;14:e090749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090749.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-060ST","volume":"180","author":"HK Reddel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, Boulet LP, Boushey HA, Busse WW, et al. An official American thoracic society\/European respiratory society statement: Asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:59\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200801-060ST.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290","volume":"371","author":"HG Ortega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1198\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller MK, Lee JH, Miller DP, Wenzel SE, TENOR Study Group. Recent asthma exacerbations: A key predictor of future exacerbations. Respir Med. 2007;101:481\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.005"},{"key":"1055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.004","volume":"141","author":"U Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1169\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2025.03.009","volume":"63","author":"J Tamaoki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tamaoki J, Nagase H, Sano H, Kaneko T, Gon Y, Miyahara N, et al. Practical guidelines for asthma management (PGAM): digest edition. Respir Investig. 2025;63:405\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resinv.2025.03.009.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"1055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.12.009","volume":"123","author":"SM Cockle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cockle SM, Stynes G, Gunsoy NB, Parks D, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Wex J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of mepolizumab and omalizumab in severe asthma: an indirect treatment comparison. Respir Med. 2017;123:140\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.12.009.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00287-5","volume":"13","author":"E De Corso","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Corso E, Canonica GW, Heffler E, Springer M, Grzegorzek T, Viana M, et al. Dupilumab versus omalizumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and coexisting asthma (EVEREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, head-to-head phase 4 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13:1067\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00287-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.02.004","volume":"68","author":"H Nagase","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagase H. Severe asthma in Japan. Allergol Int. 2019;68:167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2019.02.004.","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"1055_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.009","volume":"137","author":"A Berry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berry A, Busse WW. Biomarkers in asthmatic patients: has their time come to direct treatment? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:1317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.009.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2021.11.e30","volume":"11","author":"Y Miyabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miyabe Y, Kobayashi Y, Fukuchi M, Saga A, Moritoki Y, Saga T, et al. Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia. Asia Pac Allergy. 2021;11:e30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5415\/apallergy.2021.11.e30.","journal-title":"Asia Pac Allergy"},{"issue":"17","key":"1055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708208","volume":"377","author":"ID Pavord","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavord ID, Chanez P, Criner GJ, Kerstjens HAM, Korn S, Lugogo N, et al. Mepolizumab for eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(17):1613\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1708208.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5","volume":"4","author":"HG Ortega","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ortega HG, Yancey SW, Mayer B, Gunsoy NB, Keene ON, Bleecker ER, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratified by baseline eosinophil thresholds: a secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:549\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.06.014","volume":"103","author":"G Brusselle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brusselle G, Michils A, Louis R, Dupont L, Van de Maele B, Delobbe A, et al. \u2018Real-life\u2019 effectiveness of omalizumab in patients with severe persistent allergic asthma: the PERSIST study. Respir Med. 2009;103:1633\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.06.014.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1055_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.043","volume":"7","author":"TB Casale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casale TB, Luskin AT, Busse W, Zeiger RS, Trzaskoma B, Yang M, et al. Omalizumab effectiveness by biomarker status in patients with asthma: evidence from PROSPERO, a prospective real-world study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7:156-64.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.043.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"1055_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1414OC","volume":"187","author":"NA Hanania","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanania NA, Wenzel S, Ros\u00e9n K, Hsieh HJ, Mosesova S, Choy DF, et al. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:804\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201208-1414OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1055_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13302","volume":"73","author":"TB Casale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casale TB, Chipps BE, Ros\u00e9n K, Trzaskoma B, Haselkorn T, Omachi TA, et al. Response to omalizumab using patient enrichment criteria from trials of novel biologics in asthma. Allergy. 2018;73:490\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.13302.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-221274","volume":"79","author":"CA Celis-Preciado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Celis-Preciado CA, Lachapelle P, Couillard S. Blood eosinophils take centre stage in predicting the response to sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT): a familiar twist. Thorax. 2024;79:297\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax-2023-221274.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"1055_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.08.042","volume":"169","author":"AJ Oberle","year":"2026","unstructured":"Oberle AJ, Abbas F, Adrish M, Agache I, Conroy M, Coz Yataco AO, et al. Biologic management in severe asthma for adults: an American college of chest physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 2026;169:336\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2025.08.042.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1055_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14221","volume":"75","author":"I Agache","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, Akdis M, Canelo-Aybar C, Canonica GW, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines\u2014recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020;75:1023\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.14221.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1055_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01625-3","volume":"406","author":"E Israel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Israel E, Wechsler ME, Jackson DJ, Moore WC. Anti-cytokine biologics for asthma in adults. Lancet. 2025;406:2282\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01625-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1055_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403291","volume":"371","author":"EH Bel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1189\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1403291.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13882","volume":"51","author":"WCG Fong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fong WCG, Azim A, Knight D, Mistry H, Freeman A, Felongco M, et al. Real-world omalizumab and mepolizumab treated difficult asthma phenotypes and their clinical outcomes. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51:1019\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.13882.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"}],"container-title":["Allergy, Asthma &amp; Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:02:17Z","timestamp":1791997337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13223-026-01055-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7970972\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1710-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1710-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is a retrospective cohort study and not a clinical trial. Therefore, the clinical trial number is not applicable. The study protocol received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Kameda Medical Center (#24-067). Given the retrospective nature of the study and the anonymization of patient data, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Committee of Kameda Medical Center.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"56"}}