{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:21:09Z","timestamp":1793830869601,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH073084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH073084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1MH088791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1MH088791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH098153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH098153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH092615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH092615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U54HD086984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U54HD086984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-132185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-132185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004897","name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAP #4100042728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAP #4100042728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004897","name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAP # 4100047863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAP # 4100047863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["66727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004321","name":"Shire Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The frequently cited Early Overgrowth Hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) postulates that there is overgrowth of the brain in the first 2 years of life, which is followed by a period of arrested growth leading to normalized brain volume in late childhood and beyond. While there is consistent evidence for early brain overgrowth, there is mixed evidence for normalization of brain volume by middle childhood. The outcome of this debate is important to understanding the etiology and neurodevelopmental trajectories of ASD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Brain volume was examined in two very large single-site samples of children, adolescents, and adults. The primary sample comprised 456 6\u201325-year-olds (ASD <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 240, typically developing controls (TDC) <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 216), including a large number of females (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 102) and spanning a wide IQ range (47\u2013158). The replication sample included 175 males. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical MRI images were examined for group differences in total brain, cerebellar, ventricular, gray, and white matter volumes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The ASD group had significantly larger total brain, cerebellar, gray matter, white matter, and lateral ventricular volumes in both samples, indicating that brain volume remains enlarged through young adulthood, rather than normalizing. There were no significant age or sex interactions with diagnosis in these measures. However, a significant diagnosis-by-IQ interaction was detected in the larger sample, such that increased brain volume was related to higher IQ in the TDCs, but not in the ASD group. Regions-of-significance analysis indicated that total brain volume was larger in ASD than TDC for individuals with IQ less than 115, providing a potential explanation for prior inconsistent brain size results. No relationships were found between brain volume and measures of autism symptom severity within the ASD group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our cross-sectional sample may not reflect individual changes over time in brain volume and cannot quantify potential changes in volume prior to age 6.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings challenge the \u201cnormalization\u201d prediction of the brain overgrowth hypothesis by demonstrating that brain enlargement persists across childhood into early adulthood. The findings raise questions about the clinical implications of brain enlargement, since we find that it neither confers cognitive benefits nor predicts increased symptom severity in ASD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T10:04:12Z","timestamp":1592474652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evidence against the \u201cnormalization\u201d prediction of the early brain overgrowth hypothesis of autism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Yankowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Yerys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amaral DG, Li D, Libero L, Solomon M, Van de Water J, Mastergeorge A, Naigles L, Rogers S, Wu Nordahl C. In pursuit of neurophenotypes: The consequences of having autism and a big brain. Autism Res. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1755.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1755"},{"key":"353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auzias, G., Breuil, C., Takerkart, S., & Deruelle, C. (2014). Detectability of brain structure abnormalities related to autism through MRI-derived measures from multiple scanners. 314\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BHI.2014.6864366.","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2014.6864366"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.175","volume":"59","author":"EH Aylward","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology. 2002;59(2):175\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.59.2.175.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028099","volume":"25","author":"A Bailey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, Yuzda E, Rutter M. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psycholog Med. 1995;25(1):63\u201377.","journal-title":"Psycholog Med"},{"key":"353_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baio J. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 2018:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"issue":"05","key":"353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36735","volume":"33","author":"HH Bartholomeusz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bartholomeusz HH, Courchesne E, Karns CM. Relationship Between Head Circumference and Brain Volume in Healthy Normal Toddlers, Children, and Adults. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33(05):239\u201341 10.1055\/s-2002-36735.","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4003_5","volume":"40","author":"DJ Bauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauer DJ, Curran PJ. Probing Interactions in Fixed and Multilevel Regression: Inferential and Graphical Techniques. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 2005;40(3):373\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr4003_5.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2880","volume":"33","author":"FD Beacher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beacher FD, Minati L, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Lai M-C, Gray MA, Harrison NA, Critchley HD. Autism Attenuates Sex Differences in Brain Structure: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(1):83\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2880.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.017","volume":"158","author":"R Bernier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernier R, Golzio C, Xiong B, Stessman HA, Coe BP, Penn O, Witherspoon K, Gerdts J, Baker C, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Fichera M, Bosco P, Buono S, Alberti A, Failla P, Peeters H, Steyaert J, Vissers LELM, et al. Disruptive CHD8 mutations define a subtype of autism early in development. Cell. 2014;158(2):263\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.017.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318030e28b","volume":"46","author":"CS Bloss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bloss CS, Courchesne E. MRI Neuroanatomy in Young Girls With Autism: A Preliminary Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(4):515\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e318030e28b.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1024-9","volume":"41","author":"S B\u00f6lte","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00f6lte S, Westerwald E, Holtmann M, Freitag C, Poustka F. Autistic Traits and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Clinical Validity of Two Measures Presuming a Continuum of Social Communication Skills. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41(1):66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-1024-9.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.11.006","volume":"30","author":"L Bonilha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bonilha L, Cendes F, Rorden C, Eckert M, Dalgalarrondo P, Li LM, Steiner CE. Gray and white matter imbalance \u2013 Typical structural abnormality underlying classic autism? Brain Dev. 2008;30(6):396\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.11.006.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2009.06.003","volume":"19","author":"T Bourgeron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bourgeron T. A synaptic trek to autism. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009;19(2):231\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2009.06.003.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","volume":"14","author":"KS Button","year":"2013","unstructured":"Button KS, Ioannidis JPA, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, Robinson ESJ, Munaf\u00f2 MR. Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(5):365\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3475.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR15","first-page":"1038","volume":"16","author":"RA Carper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carper RA, Moses P, Tigue ZD, Courchesne E. Cerebral lobes in autism: Early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. Neuro Image. 2002;16(4):1038\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0085-5","volume":"112","author":"MF Casanova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Casanova MF, van Kooten IAJ, Switala AE, van Engeland H, Heinsen H, Steinbusch HWM, Hof PR, Trippe J, Stone J, Schmitz C. Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism. Acta Neuropathologica. 2006;112(3):287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-006-0085-5.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"issue":"8","key":"353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.018","volume":"74","author":"P Chaste","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaste P, Klei L, Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Hus V, Lowe JK, Willsey AJ, Moreno-De-Luca D, Yu TW, Fombonne E, Geschwind D, Grice DE, Ledbetter DH, Lord C, Mane SM, Lese Martin C, Martin DM, Morrow EM, Walsh CA, et al. Adjusting head circumference for covariates in autism: Clinical correlates of a highly heritable continuous trait. Biological Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):576\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.018.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clements CC, Watkins MW, Schultz RT, Yerys BE. Does the Factor Structure of IQ Differ Between the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) Normative Sample and Autistic Children? Autism Research, n\/a(n\/a). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2285.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2285"},{"key":"353_CR19","unstructured":"Constantino, J., & Gruber, C. (2012). The Social Responsiveness Scale Manual, Second Edition (SRS-2). Western Psychological Services."},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20020","volume":"10","author":"E Courchesne","year":"2004","unstructured":"Courchesne E. Brain development in autism: Early overgrowth followed by premature arrest of growth. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2004;10(2):106\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.20020.","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.3.337","volume":"290","author":"E Courchesne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Courchesne E, Carper R, Akshoomoff N. Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. JAMA. 2003;290(3):337\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.290.3.337.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.245","volume":"57","author":"E Courchesne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, Ziccardi R, Carper RA, Tigue ZD, Chisum HJ, Moses P, Pierce K, Lord C, Lincoln AJ, Pizzo S, Schreibman L, Haas RH, Akshoomoff NA, Courchesne RY. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study. Neurology. 2001;57(2):245\u201354.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale AM, Fischl B, Sereno MI. Cortical Surface-Based Analysis: I. Segmentation and Surface Reconstruction. Neuro Image. 1999;9(2):179\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395.","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.78","volume":"19","author":"A Di Martino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Martino A, Yan C-G, Li Q, Denio E, Castellanos FX, Alaerts K, Anderson JS, Assaf M, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M, Deen B, Delmonte S, Dinstein I, Ertl-Wagner B, Fair DA, Gallagher L, Kennedy DP, Keown CL, Keysers C, et al. The autism brain imaging data exchange: Towards a large-scale evaluation of the intrinsic brain architecture in autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(6):659\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2013.78.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"353_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1207-1","volume":"121","author":"C Ecker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ecker C, Shahidiani A, Feng Y, Daly E, Murphy C, D\u2019Almeida V, Deoni S, Williams SC, Gillan N, Gudbrandsen M, Wichers R, Andrews D, Van Hemert L, Murphy DGM. The effect of age, diagnosis, and their interaction on vertex-based measures of cortical thickness and surface area in autism spectrum disorder. J Neural Transm. 2014;121(9):1157\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-014-1207-1.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"353_CR26","unstructured":"Elliot, C. (2007). The Differential Abilities Scale, Second Edition. Harcourt Assessments, Inc."},{"issue":"20","key":"353_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","volume":"97","author":"B Fischl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fischl B, Dale AM. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97(20):11050\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.200033797.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","volume":"33","author":"B Fischl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, van der Kouwe A, Killiany R, Kennedy D, Klaveness S, Montillo A, Makris N, Rosen B, Dale AM. Whole Brain Segmentation: Automated Labeling of Neuroanatomical Structures in the Human Brain. Neuron. 2002;33(3):341\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"353_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016","volume":"23","author":"B Fischl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischl B, Salat DH, van der Kouwe AJW, Makris N, S\u00e9gonne F, Quinn BT, Dale AM. Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images. Neuro Image. 2004;23(Suppl 1):S69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016.","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1023036509476","volume":"29","author":"E Fombonne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fombonne E, Rog\u00e9 B, Claverie J, Courty S, Fr\u00e9molle J. Microcephaly and macrocephaly in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999;29(2):113\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1023036509476.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"353_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.047","volume":"161","author":"J-P Fortin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortin J-P, Parker D, Tun\u00e7 B, Watanabe T, Elliott MA, Ruparel K, Roalf DR, Satterthwaite TD, Gur RC, Gur RE, Schultz RT, Verma R, Shinohara RT. Harmonization of multi-site diffusion tensor imaging data. Neuro Image. 2017;161:149\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.047.","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.011","volume":"66","author":"CM Freitag","year":"2009","unstructured":"Freitag CM, Luders E, Hulst HE, Narr KL, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Krick C, Konrad C. Total Brain Volume and Corpus Callosum Size in Medication-Na\u00efve Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(4):316\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.011.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03178.x","volume":"51","author":"S Goldman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldman S, Wang C, Salgado MW, Greene PE, Kim M, Rapin I. Motor stereotypies in children with autism and other developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(1):30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03178.x.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3","volume":"39","author":"K Gotham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gotham K, Pickles A, Lord C. Standardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(5):693\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003383","volume":"39","author":"B Hallahan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hallahan B, Daly EM, McAlonan G, Loth E, Toal F, FO B, Robertson D, Hales S, Murphy C, Murphy KC, Murphy DGM. Brain morphometry volume in autistic spectrum disorder: A magnetic resonance imaging study of adults. Psychol Med. 2009;39(2):337\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291708003383.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600607","volume":"16","author":"AY Hardan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hardan AY, Minshew NJ, Mallikarjuhn M, Keshavan MS. Brain Volume in Autism. J Child Neurol. 2001;16(6):421\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088307380101600607.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"353_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1290","volume":"163","author":"AY Hardan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hardan AY, Muddasani S, Vemulapalli M, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ. An MRI Study of Increased Cortical Thickness in Autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1290\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1290.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11091425","volume":"169","author":"HC Hazlett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Gu H, McKinstry RC, Shaw DWW, Botteron KN, Dager SR, Styner M, Vachet C, Gerig G, Paterson SJ, Schultz RT, Estes AM, Evans AC, Piven J, Network IBIS. Brain volume findings in 6-month-old infants at high familial risk for autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(6):601\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11091425.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7641","key":"353_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21369","volume":"542","author":"HC Hazlett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Gu H, Munsell BC, Kim SH, Styner M, Wolff JJ, Elison JT, Swanson MR, Zhu H, Botteron KN, Collins DL, Constantino JN, Dager SR, Estes AM, Evans AC, Fonov VS, Gerig G, Kostopoulos P, McKinstry RC, et al. Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Nature. 2017;542(7641):348\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21369.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"353_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1366","volume":"62","author":"HC Hazlett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Poe M, Gerig G, Smith RG, Provenzale J, Ross A, Gilmore J, Piven J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Head Circumference Study of Brain Size in Autism: Birth Through Age 2 Years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(12):1366\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1366.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20032","volume":"55","author":"MR Herbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herbert MR, Ziegler DA, Makris N, Filipek PA, Kemper TL, Normandin JJ, Sanders HA, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS. Localization of white matter volume increase in autism and developmental language disorder. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(4):530\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20032.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90031-I","volume":"28","author":"PR Huttenlocher","year":"1990","unstructured":"Huttenlocher PR. Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia. 1990;28(6):517\u201327.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"353_CR43","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"L Kanner","year":"1943","unstructured":"Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Neuro Child. 1943;2:217\u201350.","journal-title":"Neuro Child"},{"key":"353_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katuwal GJ, Baum SA, Cahill ND, Dougherty CC, Evans E, Evans DW, Moore GJ, Michael AM. Inter-Method Discrepancies in Brain Volume Estimation May Drive Inconsistent Findings in Autism. Front Neurosci. 2016;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2016.00439.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00439"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315588200","volume":"20","author":"L Kenny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kenny L, Hattersley C, Molins B, Buckley C, Povey C, Pellicano E. Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism. 2016;20(4):442\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361315588200.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx038","volume":"27","author":"BS Khundrakpam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khundrakpam BS, Lewis JD, Kostopoulos P, Carbonell F, Evans AC. Cortical Thickness Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorders Through Late Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood: A Large-Scale MRI Study. Cerebral Cortex. 2017;27(3):1721\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhx038.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"353_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kvarven A, Str\u00f8mland E, Johannesson M. Comparing meta-analyses and preregistered multiple-laboratory replication projects. Nature Human Behaviour, 1\u201312. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-019-0787-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0787-z"},{"issue":"9","key":"353_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204056","volume":"13","author":"L Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin L. Bias caused by sampling error in meta-analysis with small sample sizes. PloS One. 2018;13(9):e0204056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204056.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00033-X","volume":"56","author":"AA Lindley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lindley AA, Benson JE, Grimes C, Cole TM, Herman AA. The relationship in neonates between clinically measured head circumference and brain volume estimated from head CT-scans. Early Hum Dev. 1999;56(1):17\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00033-X.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"353_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, Pickles A, Rutter M. The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005592401947.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0100-y","volume":"33","author":"A Masi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masi A, DeMayo MM, Glozier N, Guastella AJ. An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options. NeurosciBull. 2017;33(2):183\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-017-0100-y.","journal-title":"NeurosciBull"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh332","volume":"128","author":"GM McAlonan","year":"2005","unstructured":"McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Suckling J, Lam GY, Tai KS, Yip L, Murphy DGM, Chua SE. Mapping the brain in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism. Brain. 2005;128(2):268\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh332.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2004.11.005","volume":"33","author":"MA McDaniel","year":"2005","unstructured":"McDaniel MA. Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence. 2005;33(4):337\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2004.11.005.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.12.084","volume":"163","author":"TZ Movsas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Movsas TZ, Pinto-Martin JA, Whitaker AH, Feldman JF, Lorenz JM, Korzeniewski SJ, Levy SE, Paneth N. Autism Spectrum Disorder is associated with ventricular enlargement in a Low Birth Weight Population. J Pediatr. 2013;163(1):73\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.12.084.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","volume":"18","author":"KG Noble","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noble KG, Houston SM, Brito NH, Bartsch H, Kan E, Kuperman JM, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, Schork NJ, Murray SS, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kennedy DN, Van Zijl P, et al. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(5):773\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3983.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1520","volume":"9","author":"H Ohta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohta H, Nordahl CW, Iosif A-M, Lee A, Rogers S, Amaral DG. Increased Surface Area, but not Cortical Thickness, in a Subset of Young Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Cortical thickness in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2016;9(2):232\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1520.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-5282-2","volume":"34","author":"SJMC Palmen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Palmen SJMC, Pol HEH, Kemner C, Schnack HG, Janssen J, Kahn RS, van Engeland H. Larger Brains in Medication Naive High-Functioning Subjects with Pervasive Developmental Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(6):603\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-004-5282-2.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"353_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp026","volume":"19","author":"MS Panizzon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Panizzon MS, Fennema-Notestine C, Eyler LT, Jernigan TL, Prom-Wormley E, Neale M, Jacobson K, Lyons MJ, Grant MD, Franz CE, Xian H, Tsuang M, Fischl B, Seidman L, Dale A, Kremen WS. Distinct Genetic Influences on Cortical Surface Area and Cortical Thickness. Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY). 2009;19(11):2728\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhp026.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)"},{"key":"353_CR59","first-page":"209","volume":"2006","author":"X Papademetris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papademetris X, Jackowski MP, Rajeevan N, DiStasio M, Okuda H, Constable RT, Staib LH. BioImage Suite: An integrated medical image analysis suite: An update. Insight J. 2006;2006:209.","journal-title":"Insight J"},{"key":"353_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.09.017","volume":"57","author":"J Pietschnig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pietschnig J, Penke L, Wicherts JM, Zeiler M, Voracek M. Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences: How strong are they and what do they mean? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2015;57:411\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.09.017.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"353_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1145","volume":"152","author":"J Piven","year":"1995","unstructured":"Piven J, Arndt S, Bailey J, Havercamp S, Andreasen N, Palmer P. An MRI study of brain size in autism. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(8):1145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1145.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"353_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.10.005","volume":"2","author":"A Raznahan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raznahan A, Lenroot R, Thurm A, Gozzi M, Hanley A, Spence SJ, Swedo SE, Giedd JN. Mapping cortical anatomy in preschool aged children with autism using surface-based morphometry. NeuroImage Clin. 2013;2:111\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.10.005.","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.026","volume":"58","author":"E Redcay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Redcay E, Courchesne E. When Is the Brain Enlarged in Autism? A Meta-Analysis of All Brain Size Reports. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.026.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"353_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1763","volume":"119","author":"AL Reiss","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reiss AL, Abrams MT, Singer HS, Ross JL, Denckla MB. Brain development, gender and IQ in children. A volumetric imaging study. Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 1996;119(Pt 5):1763\u201374.","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","volume":"6","author":"JTE Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson JTE. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ Res Rev. 2011;6(2):135\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001.","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"key":"353_CR66","unstructured":"Rutter, M., Bailey, A., Lord, C., & et al. (2003). Social Communication Questionnaire, 2003. Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"353_CR67","volume-title":"ADI-R: Autism diagnostic interview\u2014Revised: Manual","author":"M Rutter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rutter M, Le Couteur A, Lord C, Faggioli R. ADI-R: Autism diagnostic interview\u2014Revised: Manual. Organizzazioni speciali: OS; 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.08.016","volume":"234","author":"R Sacco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sacco R, Gabriele S, Persico AM. Head circumference and brain size in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2015;234(2):239\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.08.016.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"353_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2015.10.002","volume":"33","author":"SJ Sanders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanders SJ. First glimpses of the neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2015;33:80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gde.2015.10.002.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.040","volume":"58","author":"C Scheel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheel C, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Schilbach L, Lehnhardt FG, Krug B, Vogeley K, Tepest R. Imaging derived cortical thickness reduction in high-functioning autism: Key regions and temporal slope. NeuroImage. 2011;58(2):391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.040.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.042","volume":"62","author":"F Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi F, Wang L, Dai Y, Gilmore JH, Lin W, Shen D. LABEL: Pediatric brain extraction using learning-based meta-algorithm. NeuroImage. 2012;62(3):1975\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.042.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"8","key":"353_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f","volume":"47","author":"E Simonoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(8):921\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"353_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23195","volume":"37","author":"E Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith E, Thurm A, Greenstein D, Farmer C, Swedo S, Giedd J, Raznahan A. Cortical thickness change in autism during early childhood. Human Brain Mapping. 2016;37(7):2616\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.23195.","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","volume":"17","author":"SM Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith SM. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping. 2002;17(3):143\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.10062.","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.184","volume":"59","author":"BF Sparks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Aylward EH, Echelard D, Artru AA, Maravilla KR, Giedd JN, Munson J, Dawson G, Dager SR. Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2002;59(2):184\u201392.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006","volume":"23","author":"AC Stanfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stanfield AC, McIntosh AM, Spencer MD, Philip R, Gaur S, Lawrie SM. Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2008;23(4):289\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006.","journal-title":"European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed177","volume":"5","author":"K Strimbu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are Biomarkers? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(6):463\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed177.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"353_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Styner, M. A., Charles, H. C., Park, J., & Gerig, G. (2002). Multisite validation of image analysis methods: Assessing intra- and intersite variability. 4684, 278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.467167.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.467167"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.040","volume":"83","author":"G Tang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tang G, Gudsnuk K, Kuo S-H, Cotrina ML, Rosoklija G, Sosunov A, Sonders MS, Kanter E, Castagna C, Yamamoto A, Yue Z, Arancio O, Peterson BS, Champagne F, Dwork AJ, Goldman J, Sulzer D. Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits. Neuron. 2014;83(5):1131\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.040.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"01","key":"353_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-981450","volume":"38","author":"DF Tate","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tate DF, Bigler ED, McMahon W, Lainhart J. The Relative Contributions of Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid-Filled Structures and Non-Neural Tissue Volumes to Occipital-Frontal Head Circumference in Subjects with Autism. Neuropediatrics. 2007;38(01):18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-981450.","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12499","volume":"57","author":"B Tick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tick B, Bolton P, Happ\u00e9 F, Rutter M, Rijsdijk F. Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of twin studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(5):585\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12499.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0301-5","volume":"10","author":"B Tun\u00e7","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tun\u00e7 B, Yankowitz LD, Parker D, Alappatt JA, Pandey J, Schultz RT, Verma R. Deviation from normative brain development is associated with symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism. 2019;10(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-019-0301-5.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2046908","volume":"29","author":"NJ Tustison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tustison NJ, Avants BB, Cook PA, Zheng Y, Egan A, Yushkevich PA, Gee JC. N4ITK: Improved N3 bias correction. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2010;29(6):1310\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2010.2046908.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn033","volume":"131","author":"IAJ van Kooten","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Kooten IAJ, Palmen SJMC, von Cappeln P, Steinbusch HWM, Korr H, Heinsen H, Hof PR, van Engeland H, Schmitz C. Neurons in the fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism. Brain. 2008;131(4):987\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn033.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"353_CR85","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Revised. Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"353_CR86","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Third Edition manual. Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"353_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Third Edition. The Psychological Corporation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t49755-000"},{"key":"353_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Psychological Corporation: Harcourt Brace & Company.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15170-000"},{"key":"353_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u2013Second Edition (WASI-II). NCS Pearson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"353_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D., Kaplan, E., Fein, D., Kramer, J., Morris, R., Delis, D., & Maelender, A. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children: Fourth edition (WISC-IV). Pearson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15174-000"},{"key":"353_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(91)90031-8","volume":"15","author":"L Willerman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Willerman L, Schultz R, Rutledge N, Bigler E. In vivo brain size and intelligence. Intelligence. 1991;15:223\u20138.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.04.006","volume":"1","author":"RJF Ypma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ypma RJF, Moseley RL, Holt RJ, Rughooputh N, Floris DL, Chura LR, Spencer MD, Baron-Cohen S, Suckling J, Bullmore ET, Rubinov M. Default Mode Hypoconnectivity Underlies a Sex-Related Autism Spectrum. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2016;1(4):364\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.04.006.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","volume":"31","author":"PA Yushkevich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S, Gee JC, Gerig G. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: Significantly improved efficiency and reliability. NeuroImage. 2006;31(3):1116\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T23:31:36Z","timestamp":1623972696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/molecularautism.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00353-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All study procedures were approved by the institutional review board of the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia or Yale University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents or legal guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}