{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:28:34Z","timestamp":1793644114117,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH121876-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH121876-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompass several distinct domains. However, commonly used general ASD measures provide broad RRB scores rather than assessing separate RRB domains. The main objective of the current investigation was to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the ability of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) to capture different RRB constructs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) was conducted using individual item-level data from the SRS-2, SCQ, ADI-R and the ADOS. Data were obtained from five existing publicly available databases. For the SRS-2, the final sample consisted of N\u2009=\u200916,761 individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20099.43,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.73; 18.5% female); for the SCQ, of N\u2009=\u200915,840 (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20097.99,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.06; 18.1% female); for the ADI-R, of N\u2009=\u20098985 (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.86,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.68; 19.4% female); and for the ADOS, of N\u2009=\u20096314 (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200912.29,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.79; 17.7% female).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three-factor structure provided the most optimal and interpretable fit to data for all measures (comparative fit index\u2009\u2265\u2009.983, Tucker Lewis index\u2009\u2265\u2009.966, root mean square error of approximation\u2009\u2264\u2009.028). Repetitive-motor behaviors, insistence on sameness and unusual or circumscribed interests factors emerged across all instruments. No acceptable fit was identified for the ADOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The five datasets used here afforded a large as well as wide distribution of the RRB item scores. However, measures used for establishing convergent and divergent validity were only available for a portion of the sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reported findings offer promise for capturing important RRB domains using general ASD measures and highlight the need for measurement development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T15:02:52Z","timestamp":1622127772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Using the big data approach to clarify the structure of restricted and\u00a0repetitive behaviors across the most commonly used autism spectrum disorder measures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Uljarevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Booil","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Scahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Youngstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Y.","family":"Hardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"419_CR1","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"L Kanner","year":"1943","unstructured":"Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child. 1943;2:217\u201353.","journal-title":"Nervous Child"},{"key":"419_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1284-z","volume":"42","author":"BA Boyd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyd BA, McDonough SG, Bodfish JW. Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:1236\u201348.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"419_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2707-7","volume":"46","author":"C Harrop","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harrop C, McBee M, Boyd BA. How are child restricted and repetitive behaviors associated with caregiver stress over time? A parallel process multilevel growth model. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(5):1773\u201383.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"419_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023341","volume":"137","author":"SR Leekam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leekam SR, Prior MR, Uljarevi\u0107 M. Restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders: a review of research in the last decade. Psychol Bull. 2011;137(4):562\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"419_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-1992-8","volume":"35","author":"M South","year":"2005","unstructured":"South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM. Repetitive behaviour profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35:145\u201358.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"419_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.10.011","volume":"6","author":"E Honey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Honey E, Rodgers J, McConachie H. Measurement of restricted and repetitive behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorder: selecting a questionnaire or interview. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2012;6(2):757\u201376.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spect Disord"},{"key":"419_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313510069","volume":"9","author":"L Scahill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scahill L, Aman MG, Lecavalier L, Halladay AK, Bishop SL, Bodfish JW, et al. Measuring repetitive behaviors as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2015;9:38\u201352.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"6","key":"419_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1671-0","volume":"43","author":"SL Bishop","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bishop SL, Hus V, Duncan A, Huerta M, Gotham K, Pickles A, Lord C. Subcategories of restricted and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(6):1287\u201397.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"419_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005596502855","volume":"30","author":"JW Bodfish","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bodfish JW, Symons FJ, Parker DE, Lewis MH. Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30:237\u201343.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"419_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01944.x","volume":"49","author":"KSL Lam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lam KSL, Bodfish JW, Piven J. Evidence for three subtypes of repetitive behaviour in autism that differ in familiality and association with other symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(11):1193\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"419_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.10.001","volume":"8","author":"J Lidstone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lidstone J, Uljarevi\u0107 M, Sullivan J, Rodgers J, McConachie H, Freeston M, et al. Relations among restricted and repetitive behaviors, anxiety and sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2014;8(2):82\u201392.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spect Disord"},{"key":"419_CR12","volume-title":"The Social Responsiveness Scale Manual, Second Edition (SRS-2)","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Constantino JN, Gruber CP. The Social Responsiveness Scale Manual, Second Edition (SRS-2). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012."},{"key":"419_CR13","volume-title":"The social communication questionnaire manual","author":"M Rutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutter M, Bailey A, Lord C. The social communication questionnaire manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2003."},{"key":"419_CR14","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS-2","author":"C Lord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lord C, Rutter M, DiLavore PC, Risi S, Gotham K, Bishop S. Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS-2. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012."},{"key":"419_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0191-1","volume":"38","author":"E Honey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Honey E, McConachie H, Randle V, Shearer H, Le Couteur A. One-year change in repetitive behaviours in young children with communication disorders including autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:1439\u201350.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"419_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537990","volume":"3","author":"M Prior","year":"1973","unstructured":"Prior M, Macmillan MB. Maintenance of sameness in children with Kanner\u2019s syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 1973;3:154\u201367.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"419_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00502","volume":"40","author":"M Turner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Turner M. Annotation: Repetitive behavior in autism: A review of psychological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:839\u201349.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodfish JW, Symons FW, Lewis MH. The Repetitive Behavior Scale. Western Carolina Center Research Reports; 1999.","DOI":"10.1037\/t17338-000"},{"key":"419_CR19","unstructured":"Turner, M. Repetitive behaviour and cognitive functioning in autism. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Cambridge, UK; 1999."},{"key":"419_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2514-6","volume":"45","author":"SL Barrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrett SL, Uljarevi\u0107 M, Baker EK, Richdale AL, Jones CRG, Leekam SR. The Adult Repetitive Behaviours Questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2A): A self-report measure of restricted and repetitive behaviours. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45:3680\u201392.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"419_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0242-4","volume":"9","author":"SL Barrett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barrett SL, Uljarevi\u0107 M, Jones CRG, Leekam SR. Assessing subtypes of restricted and repetitive behaviour using the Adult Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire2 in autistic adults. Mol Autism. 2018;9(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"11","key":"419_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01778.x","volume":"48","author":"SR Leekam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leekam SR, Tandos J, McConachie H, Meins E, Parkinson K, Wright C, et al. Repetitive behaviors in typically developing 2-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(11):1131\u20132113.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"58\u201368","key":"419_CR23","first-page":"8","volume":"68","author":"DW Evans","year":"1997","unstructured":"Evans DW, Leckman JF, Carter A, Reznick JS, Henshaw D, King RA, Pauls D. Ritual, habit and perfectionism: the prevalence and development of compulsive-like behavior in normal young children. Child Dev. 1997;68(58\u201368):8.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"419_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.10.014","volume":"56","author":"DW Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans DW, Uljarevi\u0107 M, Lusk L, Loth E, Frazier T. Development of two dimensional measures of restricted and repetitive behavior in parents and children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:51\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"419_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.018","volume":"53","author":"L Scahill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scahill L, Dimitropoulos A, McDougle CJ, Aman MG, Feurer ID, McCracken JT, et al. Children\u2019s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale in autism spectrum disorder: component structure and correlates of symptom checklist. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 2014;53(1):97\u2013107.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025321707947","volume":"34","author":"ML Cuccaro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cuccaro ML, Shao Y, Grubber J, Slifer M, Wolpert CM, Donnelly SL, et al. Factor analysis of restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-R. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2003;34:3\u201317.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"419_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600630288","volume":"12","author":"SL Bishop","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishop SL, Richler J, Lord C. Association between restricted and repetitive behaviors and nonverbal IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Neuropsychol. 2006;12:247\u201367.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"419_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600630288","volume":"12","author":"SL Bishop","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishop SL, Richler J, Lord C. Association between restricted and repetitive behaviors and nonverbal IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Neuropsychol. 2006;12(4\u20135):247\u201367.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"419_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.044","volume":"61","author":"V Hus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hus V, Pickles A, Cook EH, Risi S, Lord C. Using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised to increase phenotypic homogeneity in genetic studies of autism. Biol Psychiat. 2007;61:438\u201348.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"419_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1263","volume":"6","author":"K Gotham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gotham K, Bishop SL, Hus V, Huerta M, Lund S, Buja A, Krieger A, Lord C. Exploring the relationship between anxiety and insistence on sameness in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res. 2013;6(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"419_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.10.016","volume":"58","author":"L Scahill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scahill L, Lecavalier L, Schultz RT, Evans AN, Maddox B, et al. Development of the parent-rated anxiety scale for youth with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(9):887\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"419_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361311401763","volume":"16","author":"MA Spiker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spiker MA, Lin CE, Van Dyke M, Wood JJ. Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism. Autism. 2012;16(3):306\u201320.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"419_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0158-4","volume":"8","author":"M Uljarevi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uljarevi\u0107 M, Richdale A, Cai R-Y, Evans DW, Leekam SR. Inter-relationship between insistence on sameness, effortful control and anxiety in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mol Autism. 2017;8:36.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"419_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.02.005","volume":"35","author":"M Langen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langen M, Durston S, Kas MJH, vanEngeland H, Staal WG. The neurobiology of repetitive behavior:and men. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):356\u201365.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"419_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-1-3","volume":"1","author":"DS Cannon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cannon DS, Miller JS, Robinson RJ, Villalobos ME, Wahmhoff NK, Allen-Brady K, et al. Genome-wide linkage analyses of two repetitive behavior phenotypes in Utah pedigrees with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2010;1:3.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"419_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.05.002","volume":"50","author":"X-Q Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu X-Q, Georgiades S, Duku E, Thompson A, Devlin B, Cook EH, et al. Identification of genetic loci underlying the phenotypic constructs of autism spectrum disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013;50:687\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1086\/367846","volume":"72","author":"Y Shao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shao Y, Cuccaro M, Hauser E, Raiford KL, Menold MM, Wolpert CM, et al. Fine mapping of autistic disorder to chromosome 15q11-q13 by use of phenotypic subtypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72:539\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"419_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2475-y","volume":"17","author":"Y Tao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tao Y, Gao H, Ackerman B, Guo W, Saffen D, Shugart YY. Evidence for contribution of common genetic variants within chromosome 8p21.2\u20138p21.1 to restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. BMC Genom. 2016;17:163.","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"key":"419_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10048","volume":"114","author":"J Silverman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Silverman J, Smith C, Schmeidler J, Hollander E, Lawlor B, Fitzgerald M, Galvin P, et al. Symptom domains in autism and related conditions: evidence for familiality. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:64\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"419_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01537.x","volume":"47","author":"P Szatmari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Szatmari P, Georgiades S, Bryson S, Zwaigenbaum L, Roberts W, Mahoney W, et al. Investigating the structure of the restricted, repetitive behaviours and interests domain of autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:582\u201390.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uljarevic M, Evans DW, Alvares GA, Whitehouse AJO. Short report: relationship between restricted and repetitive behaviours in children with autism\nspectrum disorder and their parents. Molecular Autism. 2016; 7:26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0091-y"},{"key":"419_CR42","volume-title":"The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)","author":"A Le Couteur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Le Couteur A, Lord C, Rutter M. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 2003."},{"issue":"8","key":"419_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02060.x","volume":"50","author":"CJ Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith CJ, Lang CM, Kryzak L, Reichenberg A, Hollander E, Silverman M. Familial associations of intense preoccupations, an empirical factor of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests domain of autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50(8):982\u201390.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170181","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.181","volume":"4","author":"LM Alexander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexander LM, Escalera J, Ai L, Andreotti C, Febre K, Mangone A, et al. An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders. Sci Data. 2017;4:170181.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"2","key":"419_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.10.006","volume":"68","author":"GD Fischbach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fischbach GD, Lord C. The Simons Simplex Collection: a resource for identification of autism genetic risk factors. Neuron. 2010;68(2):192\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"419_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1086\/321292","volume":"69","author":"DH Geschwind","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geschwind DH, Sowinski J, Lord C, Iversen P, Shestack J, Jones P, Ducat L, Spence SJ, AGRE Steering Committee. The autism genetic resource exchange: a resource for the study of autism and related neuropsychiatric conditions. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69:463\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"419_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2884-4","volume":"46","author":"RJ Hundley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hundley RJ, Shui A, Malow BA. Relationship between subtypes of restricted and repetitive behaviors and sleep disturbance in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(11):3448\u201357.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"419_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204","volume":"16","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n B. Exploratory structural equation modeling. Struct Equ Model. 2009;16:397\u2013438.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"419_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700","volume":"10","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marsh HW, Morin AJS, Parker P, Kaur G. Exploratory structural equation modeling: an integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:85\u2013110.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"419_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural equation models. Psychol Bull. 1998;107:238\u201346.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"419_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9(2):233\u201355.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"430","key":"419_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes factors. J Am Stat Assoc. 1995;90(430):773\u201395.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"419_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","volume":"52","author":"LS Sclove","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sclove LS. Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika. 1987;52:333\u201343.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"419_CR54","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus user\u2019s guide. 5th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2007.","edition":"5"},{"key":"419_CR55","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2000","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families; 2000."},{"key":"419_CR56","unstructured":"IBM Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 24.0) [Computer Program]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2016."},{"key":"419_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9","volume-title":"An introduction to the bootstrap","author":"B Efron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Efron B, Tibshirani R. An introduction to the bootstrap. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall\/CRC; 1993."},{"issue":"1","key":"419_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990265","volume":"22","author":"J Richler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richler J, Huerta M, Bishop SL, Lord C. Developmental trajectories of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests in children with autism spectrum disorders. Dev Psychopathol. 2010;22(1):55\u201369.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"419_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uljarevic M, Evans DW. Relationship between repetitive behaviour and fear across normative development, autism spectrum disorder, and down syndrome. Autism Res. 2018;10(3):502\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1674"},{"key":"419_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uljarevic M, McCabe KL, Angkustsiri K, Simon TJ, Hardan AY. Interrelationship between cognitive control, anxiety, and restricted and repetitive behaviors in children with 22q11 2. Deletion syndrome. Autism Res. 2019;12(12):1737\u201344.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2194"},{"key":"419_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000324","volume":"53","author":"M Uljarevi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uljarevi\u0107 M, Arnott B, Carrington SJ, Meins E, Fernyhough C, McConachie H, et al. Development of restricted and repetitive behaviors from 15 to 77 months: Stability of two distinct subtypes? Dev Psychol. 2017;53:1859\u201368.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"419_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.07.006","volume":"55","author":"A Halim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halim A, Richdale A, Uljarevi\u0107 M. Exploring the nature of anxiety in young adults on the autism spectrum: a qualitative study. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2018;55:25\u201337.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectrum Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"419_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00034-3","volume":"20","author":"E Gullone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gullone E. The development of normal fear: a century of research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(4):429\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"419_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021392931450","volume":"29","author":"DW Evans","year":"1999","unstructured":"Evans DW, Gray FL, Leckman JF. The rituals, fears and phobias of young children: Insights from development, psychopathology and neurobiology. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1999;29(4):261\u201376.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"419_CR65","volume-title":"Infant and the child in culture today","author":"A Gesell","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gesell A, Ames LB, Ilg FL. Infant and the child in culture today. New York: Harper and Row; 1974."},{"key":"419_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baribeau DA, Vigod S, Pullenayegum E, Kerns CM, Mirenda P, Smith IM, et al. Co-occurring trajectories of anxiety and insistence on sameness behaviour in autism spectrum disorder. Br J Psychiatry; 2020 (early online).","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.127"},{"issue":"6","key":"419_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00046-1","volume":"37","author":"SD Gosling","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ, Swann WB. A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. J Res Pers. 2003;37(6):504\u201328.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"419_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uljarevic M, Hedley D, Rose-Foley K, Magiati I, Cai R.-Y, Dissanayake C, Richdale A, Trollor J. Anxiety and depression from adolescence to\nold age in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(9):3155\u201365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04084-z"},{"issue":"12","key":"419_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2475","volume":"75","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strauss GP, Nu\u00f1es A, Ahmed AO, Barchard KA, Granholm E, Kirkpatrick B, et al. The latent structure of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(12):1271\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"419_CR70","unstructured":"PROMIS\u00ae Validity Standards Committee on behalf of the PROMIS\u00ae Network. PROMIS\u00ae instrument development and psychometric evaluation scientific standards. 2013; 1\u201372."},{"key":"419_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uljarevic M, Frazier TW, Phillips JW, Jo B, Littlefield S, Hardan AY. Mapping the research domain criteria social processes constructs to the social\nresponsiveness scale. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1252\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.07.938"}],"container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T15:07:30Z","timestamp":1622128050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/molecularautism.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00419-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board. This was a secondary data analysis of existing, publicly available databases, each of which encompassed a range of individual studies. Individual studies employed distinct recruitment and consenting process, inclusionary and exclusionary criteria, and incentivization approaches and strategies. All participants implicitly or explicitly consented for their anonymized data to be added to the database and publicly shared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}