{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:38:56Z","timestamp":1779395936871,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD068479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD068479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD068479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD068479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD068479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD068479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020432","name":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54 HD087011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD087011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020432","name":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54 HD087011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD087011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020432","name":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54 HD087011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD087011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH100019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH100019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH100019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH100019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH100019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH100019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the most recent U.S. CDC surveillance data, the rise in prevalence of childhood autism spectrum disorder among minority children has begun to outpace that of non-Hispanic white children. Since prior research has identified possible differences in the extent of mate selection for autistic traits across families of different ethnicity, this study examined variation in autism related traits in contemporaneous, epidemiologically ascertained samples of spousal pairs representing Hispanic and non-Hispanic white populations. The purpose was to determine whether discrepancies by ethnicity could contribute to differential increases in prevalence in the current generation of young children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Birth records were used to identify all twin pairs born between 2011 and 2013 in California and Missouri. Families were selected at random from pools of English-speaking Hispanic families in California and Non-Hispanic White families in Missouri. Autistic trait data of parents was obtained using the Adult Report Form of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We did not identify a statistically significant difference in the degree of mate selection for autism related traits between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white spousal pairs. However, the degree of spousal correlation observed in this recent cohort was pronounced (on the order of ICC 0.45)\u00a0and exceeded that typically reported in prior research (on the order of 0.30), surpassing also widely reported estimates for sibling correlation (also on the order of 0.30).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sample did not allow for a direct appraisal of change in the magnitude of spousal correlation over time and the ascertainments of trait burden were derived from spouse report.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Across two epidemiologically ascertained samples of spousal pairs representing Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families across two U.S. states (respectively, California and Missouri), the extent of autism-related trait co-variation for parents of the current generation of young children is substantial and exceeds correlations typically observed for siblings. Given the heritability of these traits and their relation to autism risk, societal trends in the degree of mate selection for these traits should be considered as possible contributors to subtle increases in the incidence of autism over time and across generations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1721127743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mate selection and current trends in the prevalence of autism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Forsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Marrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Constantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","volume":"72","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2023;72(2):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"11","key":"607_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7011a1","volume":"70","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Durkin MS, Esler A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021;70(11):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7011a1.","journal-title":"Mmwr Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"12","key":"607_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.10.015","volume":"110","author":"C Smolen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smolen C, Jensen M, Dyer L, Pizzo L, Tyryshkina A, Banerjee D, Rohan L, Huber E, El Khattabi L, Prontera P, Caberg JH, Van Dijck A, Schwartz C, Faivre L, Callier P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Lefebvre M, Pope K, Snell P, Lockhart PJ, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Avola E, Mattina T, Fichera M, Luana Mandar\u00e0 GM, Bruccheri MG, Pichon O, Le Caignec C, Stoeva R, Cuinat S, Mercier S, B\u00e9n\u00e9teau C, Blesson S, Nordsletten A, Martin-Coignard D, Sistermans E, Kooy RF, Amor DJ, Romano C, Isidor B, Juusola J, Girirajan S. Assortative mating and parental genetic relatedness contribute to the pathogenicity of variably expressive variants. Am J Hum Genet. 2023;110(12):2015\u20132028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.10.015","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"607_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30810","volume":"150B","author":"YV Virkud","year":"2009","unstructured":"Virkud YV, Todd RD, Abbacchi AM, Zhang Y, Constantino JN. Familial aggregation of quantitative autistic traits in multiplex versus simplex autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009;150B(3):328\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.30810.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"607_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.476","volume":"71","author":"K Lyall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyall K, Constantino JN, Weisskopf MG, Roberts AL, Ascherio A, Santangelo SL. Parental social responsiveness and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(8):936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.476.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"607_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.014","volume":"86","author":"S Connolly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Connolly S, Anney R, Gallagher L, Heron EA. Evidence of assortative mating in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(4):286\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.014.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"607_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0100-1","volume":"7","author":"J Page","year":"2016","unstructured":"Page J, Constantino JN, Zambrana K, Martin E, Tunc I, Zhang Y, et al. Quantitative autistic trait measurements index background genetic risk for ASD in Hispanic families. Mol Autism. 2016;7(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-016-0100-1.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"2","key":"607_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0410-1","volume":"47","author":"ZW Hawks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawks ZW, Marrus N, Glowinski AL, Constantino JN. Early origins of autism comorbidity: neuropsychiatric traits correlated in childhood are independent in infancy. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(2):369\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-018-0410-1.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"607_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000723","volume":"32","author":"N Marrus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marrus N, Grant JD, Harris-Olenak B, Albright J, Bolster D, Haber JR, et al. Genetic architecture of reciprocal social behavior in toddlers: implications for heterogeneity in the early origins of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2020;32(4):1190\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579420000723.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"607_CR10","volume-title":"Social responsiveness scale","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Constantino JN, Gruber C. Social responsiveness scale. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"9","key":"607_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0314-8","volume":"37","author":"DS Mandell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mandell DS, Ittenbach RF, Levy SE, Pinto-Martin JA. Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. 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Intellect Dev Disabil. 2013;51(3):141\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-51.3.141.","journal-title":"Intellect Dev Disabil"}],"container-title":["Molecular Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1721128244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/molecularautism.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-024-00607-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was approved by the Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) Human Research Protection Office (IRB), HRPO #201208010, as well as by Stanford University\u2019s Institutional Review Board, the State of California\u2019s Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects\u2019, and the Missouri Division of Vital Records. The parents of all participants gave informed consent prior to each assessment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Non applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. J.N.C. receives royalties for the commercial distribution of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2, a quantitative measure of autistic traits. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}