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MRI was achieved on a 3\u00a0T system (MAGNETOM Skyra) using a 64-channel coil. 3D FGATIR sequence was first performed on healthy volunteers to classify macroscopically identifiable brainstem structures. Then, FGATIR was assessed in MS patients to locate brainstem lesions detected with Proton Density\/T2w (PD\/T2w) sequence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In healthy volunteers, FGATIR allowed a precise visualization of tracts and nuclei according to their myelin density. Including FGATIR in MR follow-up of MS patients helped to identify structures frequently involved in the inflammatory process. Most damaged tracts were the superior cerebellar peduncle and the transverse fibers of the pons. Most frequently affected nuclei were the vestibular nuclei, the trigeminal tract, the facial nerve and the solitary tract.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Combination of FGATIR and PD\/T2w sequences opened prospects to define MS elective injury in brainstem tracts and nuclei, with particular lesion features suggesting variations of the inflammatory process within brainstem structures. In a further study, hypersignal quantification and microstructure information should be evaluated using relaxometry and diffusion tractography. Technical improvements would bring novel parameters to train an artificial neural network for accurate automated labeling of MS lesions within the brainstem.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01101-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T10:05:04Z","timestamp":1634810704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The brainstem in multiple sclerosis: MR identification of tracts and nuclei damage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-4775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien Huong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Vaussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violette","family":"Le Gaudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Aboab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Curajos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Habas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.11.2059","volume":"120","author":"F Barkhof","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barkhof F (1997) Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. 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The project responds to the MR-004 reference methodologies (Deliberation n\u00b0 2018-155 of May 3, 2018) which governs the processing of personal data for study purposes not involving the human person (French administrative regulatory body). The data controller has undertaken to collect only the data that is strictly necessary and relevant with regard to the objectives of the research. Research participants were individually informed about the use of their retrospective data in this comparative study and allowed them to object. The request for access to health data was registered on the Health Data Hub registry on 03\/17\/2021.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Research participants of the current retrospective study have given written consent for data analysis and publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Alexis Vaussy is scientist at Siemens Healthcare France. The other authors have no conflict of interest to report.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"151"}}