{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:32:06Z","timestamp":1791750726886,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insights Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue affecting all countries and age groups. Radiology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This review aims to improve understanding and diagnostic value of imaging in PTB. We present the old, well-established findings ranging from primary TB to the common appearances of post-primary TB, including dissemination with tree-in-bud nodularity, haematogenous dissemination with miliary nodules and lymphatic dissemination. We discuss new concepts in active PTB with special focus on imaging findings in immunocompromised individuals. We illustrate PTB appearances borrowed from other diseases in which the signs were initially described: the reversed halo sign, the galaxy sign and the cluster sign. There are several radiological signs that have been shown to correlate with positive or negative sputum smears, and radiologists should be aware of these signs as they play an important role in guiding the need for isolation and empirical anti-tuberculous therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T18:02:32Z","timestamp":1641751352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Active pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T. A.","family":"Wetscherek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice Y. J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Karia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith L.","family":"Babar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1138_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Global tuberculosis report 2020, Geneva. Available via https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/336069\/9789240013131-eng.pdf Accessed 24 April 2021"},{"key":"1138_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13483","volume":"204","author":"A Rozenshtein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rozenshtein A, Hao F, Starc MT, Pearson GDN (2015) Radiographic appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis: dogma disproved. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:974\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.14.13483","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Parker SK, Verver S, Warren RM (2009) Primary and postprimary or reactivation tuberculosis: time to revise confusing terminology? AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:W198; author reply W199\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.08.1726","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1726"},{"key":"1138_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nachiappan AC, Rahbar K, Shi X (2017) Pulmonary tuberculosis: role of radiology in diagnosis and management. Radiographics 37:52\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2017160032","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160032"},{"key":"1138_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burrill J, Williams CJ, Bain G, Conder G, Hine AL, Misra RR (2007) Tuberculosis: a radiologic review. Radiographics 27:1255\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.275065176","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.275065176"},{"key":"1138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2015.12.007","volume":"54","author":"CS Restrepo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Restrepo CS, Katre R, Mumbower A (2016) Imaging manifestations of thoracic tuberculosis. Radiol Clin North Am 54:453\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcl.2015.12.007","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"1138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1612-y","volume":"13","author":"P Van Dyck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Dyck P, Vanhoenacker FM, Van den Brande P, De Schepper AM (2003) Imaging of pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Radiol 13:1771\u20131785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-002-1612-y","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2009.084418","volume":"86","author":"M Roy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roy M, Ellis S (2010) Radiological diagnosis and follow-up of pulmonary tuberculosis. Postgrad Med J 86:663\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2009.084418","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6543","volume":"197","author":"E Marchiori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Irion KL et al (2011) Reversed halo sign in active pulmonary tuberculosis: criteria for differentiation from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197:1324\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.11.6543","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buzan MTA, Coman MM, Duma MM et al (2015) Pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue. ECR 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1594\/ecr2015\/C-1999","DOI":"10.1594\/ecr2015\/C-1999"},{"key":"1138_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3896","volume":"191","author":"YJ Jeong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeong YJ, Lee KS (2008) Pulmonary tuberculosis: up-to-date imaging and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191:834\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.07.3896","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1008049","volume":"367","author":"CM Perez-Velez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perez-Velez CM, Marais BJ (2012) Tuberculosis in children. N Engl J Med 367:348\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1008049","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1138_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12908","volume":"204","author":"JM Ko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ko JM, Park HJ, Kim CH (2015) Clinicoradiologic evidence of pulmonary lymphatic spread in adult patients with tuberculosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:38\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.14.12908","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathur M, Badhan RK, Kumari S, Gupta S (2017) Radiological Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis - A Comparative Study between Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 11:TC06\u2013TC09. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/28183.10535","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/28183.10535"},{"key":"1138_CR15","first-page":"8","volume":"64","author":"MTA Buzan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buzan MT, Pop CM, Raduta M, Eichinger M, Heussel CP (2015) Respiratory tuberculosis in children and adolescents: Assessment of radiological severity pattern and age-related changes within two decades. Pneumologia 64:8\u201312","journal-title":"Pneumologia"},{"key":"1138_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.9609143","volume":"156","author":"BE Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones BE, Ryu R, Yang Z et al (1997) Chest radiographic findings in patients with tuberculosis with recent or remote infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1270\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.9609143","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1138_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.22.2740","volume":"293","author":"E Geng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Burzynski J, Schluger NW (2005) Clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiology study. JAMA 293:2740\u20132745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.293.22.2740","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1138_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rti.0000213590.29472.ce","volume":"22","author":"F Ors","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ors F, Deniz O, Bozlar U et al (2007) High-resolution CT findings in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: correlation with the degree of smear positivity. J Thorac Imaging 22:154\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.rti.0000213590.29472.ce","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"1138_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.3.8430169","volume":"186","author":"JG Im","year":"1993","unstructured":"Im JG, Itoh H, Shim YS et al (1993) Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT findings\u2013early active disease and sequential change with antituberculous therapy. Radiology 186:653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.186.3.8430169","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1138_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.07.009","volume":"67","author":"J-J Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JJ, Chong PY, Lin CB, Hsu AH, Lee CC (2008) High resolution chest CT in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: characteristic findings before and after antituberculous therapy. Eur J Radiol 67:100\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.07.009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rossi SE, Franquet T, Volpacchio M, Gim\u00e9nez A, Aguilar G (2005) Tree-in-bud pattern at thin-section CT of the lungs: radiologic-pathologic overview. Radiographics 25:789\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.253045115","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.253045115"},{"key":"1138_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.02.022","volume":"14","author":"JH Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Thoracic Imaging: Ravenel JG, Chung JH et al (2017) ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae Imaging of Possible Tuberculosis. J Am Coll Radiol 14:S160\u2013S165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.02.022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.03.009","volume":"51","author":"J Andreu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreu J, C\u00e1ceres J, Pallisa E, Martinez-Rodriguez M (2004) Radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Radiol 51:139\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.03.009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2399-x","volume":"42","author":"S Lucas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lucas S, Andronikou S, Goussard P, Gie R (2012) CT features of lymphobronchial tuberculosis in children, including complications and associated abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol 42:923\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-012-2399-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0196","volume":"146","author":"JM Ko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ko JM, Park HJ, Kim CH (2014) Pulmonary changes of pleural TB: up-to-date CT imaging. Chest 146:1604\u20131611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-0196","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1138_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231537","volume":"15","author":"JH Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong JH, Yoon SH, Goo JM, Yim JJ, Jeon YK (2020) Clustered micronodules as predominant manifestation on CT: A sign of active but indolently evolving pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 15:e0231537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231537","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1138_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2016.16157","volume":"23","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee IJ, Kim JH (2017) CT findings of pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy in diabetes mellitus patients. Diagn Interv Radiol Ank Turk 23:112\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/dir.2016.16157","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol Ank Turk"},{"key":"1138_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/95169618","volume":"83","author":"JY Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim JY, Jeong YJ, Kim K-I et al (2010) Miliary tuberculosis: a comparison of CT findings in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative patients. Br J Radiol 83:206\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr\/95169618","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200405000-00011","volume":"28","author":"H-C Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim H-C, Goo JM, Lee HJ et al (2004) Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis versus drug-sensitive tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: computed tomography features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:366\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004728-200405000-00011","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"1138_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","volume":"246","author":"DM Hansell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, M\u00fcller NL, Remy J (2008) Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 246:697\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1138_CR31","first-page":"308","volume":"97","author":"M Zompatori","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zompatori M, Poletti V, Battista G, Diegoli M (1999) Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), presenting as a ring-shaped opacity at HRCT (the atoll sign). A case report. Radiol Med 97:308\u2013310","journal-title":"A case report Radiol Med (Torino)"},{"key":"1138_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/22699201","volume":"83","author":"E Marchiori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marchiori E, Grando RD, Sim\u00f5es Dos Santos CE et al (2010) Pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT. Br J Radiol 83:e58-60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr\/22699201","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9392-x","volume":"190","author":"E Marchiori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Hochhegger B et al (2012) Reversed halo sign on computed tomography: state-of-the-art review. Lung 190:389\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-012-9392-x","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"1138_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.01.013","volume":"101","author":"K Martini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martini K, Loubet A, Bankier A et al (2020) Nodular reverse halo sign in active pulmonary tuberculosis: A rare CT feature? Diagn Interv Imaging 101:281\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diii.2020.01.013","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"1138_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.6.1781389","volume":"178","author":"M Nakatsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nakatsu M, Hatabu H, Morikawa K et al (2002) Large coalescent parenchymal nodules in pulmonary sarcoidosis: \u201csarcoid galaxy\u201d sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:1389\u20131393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.178.6.1781389","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rx.2009.05.003","volume":"51","author":"I Herr\u00e1ez Ortega","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herr\u00e1ez Ortega I, Alonso Orcajo N, L\u00f3pez Gonz\u00e1lez L (2009) The \u201csarcoid cluster sign\u201d. A new sign in high resolution chest CT. Radiologia 51:495\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rx.2009.05.003","journal-title":"Radiologia"},{"key":"1138_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.02.010","volume":"105","author":"E Marchiori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Barreto MM, Azeredo de Andrade FT, Rodrigues RS (2011) Atypical distribution of small nodules on high resolution CT studies: patterns and differentials. Respir Med 105:1263\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.02.010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1138_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rct.0000184642.19421.a9","volume":"29","author":"N Kosaka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kosaka N, Sakai T, Uematsu H et al (2005) Specific high-resolution computed tomography findings associated with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 29:801\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.rct.0000184642.19421.a9","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"1138_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.2.01840639","volume":"184","author":"J-N Heo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heo J-N, Choi YW, Jeon SC, Park CK (2005) Pulmonary tuberculosis: another disease showing clusters of small nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:639\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.184.2.01840639","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1138_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4959-9","volume":"28","author":"J-J Yeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeh J-J (2018) Validation of a model for predicting smear-positive active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with initial acid-fast bacilli smear-negative sputum. Eur Radiol 28:243\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4959-9","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1796-5","volume":"20","author":"JJ Yeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeh JJ, Chen SC-C, Teng W-B et al (2010) Identifying the most infectious lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis by high-resolution multi-detector computed tomography. Eur Radiol 20:2135\u20132145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-010-1796-5","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.07.032","volume":"84","author":"JM Ko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ko JM, Park HJ, Kim CH, Song SW (2015) The relation between CT findings and sputum microbiology studies in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Radiol 84:2339\u20132344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.07.032","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1138_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016921","volume":"98","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JH, Kim MJ, Ham S-Y (2019) Clinical characteristics and chest computed tomography findings of smear-positive and smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized adult patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e16921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000016921","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1138_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(03)00148-7","volume":"28","author":"S Matsuoka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matsuoka S, Uchiyama K, Shima H et al (2004) Relationship between CT findings of pulmonary tuberculosis and the number of acid-fast bacilli on sputum smears. Clin Imaging 28:119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0899-7071(03)00148-7","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"1138_CR45","first-page":"1596","volume":"14","author":"FMR Perrin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perrin FMR, Woodward N, Phillips PPJ et al (2010) Radiological cavitation, sputum mycobacterial load and treatment response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14:1596\u20131602","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1138_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.398","volume":"7","author":"M Oda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oda M, Saraya T, Shirai T, Ishikawa N, Fujiwara M, Takizawa H (2019) Multiple huge \u201ccluster\u201d and \u201cgalaxy\u201d signs on chest radiography in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirol Case Rep 7:e00398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcr2.398","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"1138_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.369","volume":"6","author":"K Nakamoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakamoto K, Sasaki Y, Kokuto H, Okumura M, Yoshiyama T, Goto H (2018) Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis with galaxy and cluster signs on high-resolution computed tomography. Respirol Case Rep 6:e00369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcr2.369","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"1138_CR48","first-page":"247","volume":"33","author":"T Koide","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koide T, Saraya T, Tsukahara Y et al (2016) Clinical significance of the \u201cgalaxy sign\u201d in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in a Japanese single-center cohort. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 33:247\u2013252","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"1138_CR49","first-page":"155","volume":"14","author":"K-S Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong K-S, Huang Y-C, Lai S-H, Chiu C-Y, Huang Y-H, Lin  T-Y(2010) Validity of symptoms and radiographic features in predicting positive AFB smears in adolescents with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14:155\u2013159","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1138_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.08.007","volume":"5","author":"M Hassanzad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hassanzad M, Bolursaz MR, Mehrian P, Aghahosseini F, Velayati AA (2016) Relation between smear positivity and imaging findings in children with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriology 5(Suppl 1):S163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.08.007","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriology"},{"key":"1138_CR51","first-page":"397","volume":"12","author":"T Pepper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pepper T, Joseph P, Mwenya C et al (2008) Normal chest radiography in pulmonary tuberculosis: implications for obtaining respiratory specimen cultures. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12:397\u2013403","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Insights into Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T18:03:42Z","timestamp":1641751422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insightsimaging.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01138-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-4101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-4101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing intersts.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}