{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:28:40Z","timestamp":1790879320145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The definition of electrical storm is still debated. For example, an electrical storm is defined as a clustering of three or more separate episodes of ventricular tachycardia\/ventricular fibrillation within 24\u2009hours or one or more episodes occurring within 5\u2009minutes of termination of the previous episode of ventricular tachycardia\/ventricular fibrillation. When it is refractory to medications, prompt assessments by coronary angiography, sedation, and overdrive pacing should be performed. An electrical storm may occur anytime, including at night or after the patient leaves an intensive care unit.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 70-year-old Japanese man with type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed as having ST-elevation myocardial infarction. His clinical course after an urgent percutaneous coronary intervention was uneventful, but he developed electrical storm that was refractory to antiarrhythmic medications on day 11 of hospitalization. We used sedative medications and performed ventricular overdrive pacing and transferred him to a university hospital for further treatment, which included electrical ablation and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An electrical storm is a relatively rare and fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction. It is important that the treatment choices for this condition are known by non-cardiologist physicians who might encounter this rare condition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T01:02:40Z","timestamp":1574816560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electrical storm 11\u2009days after acute myocardial infarction: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayaka","family":"Ohsawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Isono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Ojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeyuki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2267_CR1","first-page":"20","volume":"29","author":"D Sorajja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sorajja D, Munger TM, Shen WK. Optimal antiarrhythmic drug therapy for electrical storm. J Biomed Res. 2015;29:20\u201334.","journal-title":"J Biomed Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"2267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.16.2066","volume":"103","author":"DV Exner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Exner DV, Pinski SL, Wyse DG, et al. Electrical storm presages nonsudden death: the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID) trial. Circulation. 2001;103(16):2066.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2267_CR3","first-page":"1150","volume":"8","author":"A Sagone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sagone A. Electrical storm: incidence, prognosis and therapy. J Atr Fibrillation. 2015;8:1150.","journal-title":"J Atr Fibrillation"},{"key":"2267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S79378","volume":"8","author":"T Aksu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aksu T, Guler TE, Golcuk E, Ozcan KS, Erden I. Successful focal ablation in patient with electrical storm in the early postinfarction period: case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2015;8:59\u201363.","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"2267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062438","volume":"9","author":"CM Wilson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wilson CM, Allen JD, Bridges JB, Adgey AA. Death and damage caused by multiple direct current shocks: studies in an animal model. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:1257\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.06.021","volume":"43","author":"JE Macdonald","year":"2004","unstructured":"Macdonald JE, Struthers AD. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:155\u201361.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0772","volume":"74","author":"Y Miwa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miwa Y, Ikeda T, Mera H, et al. Effects of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting beta1-selective blocker, on electrical storm refractory to class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Circ J. 2010;74:856\u201363.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.7.742","volume":"102","author":"K Nademanee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nademanee K, Taylor R, Bailey WE, Rieders DE, Kosar EM. Treating electrical storm: sympathetic blockade versus advanced cardiac life support-guided therapy. Circulation. 2000;102:742\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"5","key":"2267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.15-102","volume":"56","author":"K Kanamori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanamori K, Aoyagi T, Mikamo T, et al. Successful treatment of refractory electrical storm with landiolol after more than 100 electrical defibrillations. Int Heart J. 2015;56(5):555\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"2267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038036","volume":"139","author":"S Viskin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viskin S, et al. Quinidine-Responsive Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation. 2019;139:2304\u201314.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.09.029","volume":"28","author":"NP Charlton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charlton NP, Lawrence DT, Brady WJ, Kirk MA, Holstege CP. Termination of drug-induced torsades de pointes with overdrive pacing. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28:95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guerra F, Bonelli P, Flori M, et al. Temporal trends and temperature-related incidence of electrical storm: The TEMPEST study (temperature-related incidence of electrical storm). Circ Arrhythm Electophysiol. 2017;10(3) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004634.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004634"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:28:48Z","timestamp":1606350528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-019-2267-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable for this section, because the patient was examined and treated as a part of regular consultation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"346"}}