{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:45:52Z","timestamp":1784058352860,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This report describes the clinical course of choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 28-year-old Italian woman was referred to our institution because of reduced visual acuity in the left eye dating back 4 months. A diagnosis of retinal vasculitis in the right eye and chorioretinitis with CNV in the left eye was made. A complete workup for uveitis revealed positivity only for anti-West Nile virus immunoglobulin M (IgM), while immunoglobulin G (IgG) was negative. Whole-body computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were also negative. Therefore, the patient was treated with a combination of oral prednisone (starting dose 1 mg\/kg per day) and three intravitreal injections of bevacizumab 1.25 mg\/0.05 ml, 1 month apart. Fourteen days from starting corticosteroid therapy and after the first intravitreal injection, the patient experienced increased visual acuity to 0.4. Response to therapy was monitored by clinical examination, ocular coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography and retinal fluorescein angiography. Three months later, resolution of CNV in the left eye was achieved and no signs of retinal vasculitis were detected in the right eye, while serum IgM for West Nile virus turned negative and IgG positive.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CNV may be a complication of West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis, and only subclinical retinal vasculitis may also be found even in non-endemic regions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T12:04:45Z","timestamp":1618833885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical course of choroidal neovascular membrane in West Nile virus chorioretinitis: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Zito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Micelli Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Pilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ferretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Micelli Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Accorinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2700_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6.114","volume":"6","author":"SB Yahia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yahia SB, Khairallah M. Ocular manifestations of West Nile virus infection. Int J Med Sci. 2009;6:114\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci."},{"key":"2700_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.021","volume":"113","author":"CK Chan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chan CK, Limstrom SA, Tarasewicz DG, Lin SG. Ocular features of West Nile virus infection in North America: a study of 14 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1539\u201346.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2700_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000213","volume":"34","author":"D Learned","year":"2014","unstructured":"Learned D, Nudleman E, Robinson J, Chang E, Stec L, Faia LJ, et al. Multimodal imaging of west Nile virus chorioretinitis. Retina Phila Pa. 2014;34:2269\u201374.","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa."},{"key":"2700_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000344009","volume":"49","author":"M Khairallah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khairallah M, Kahloun R, Ben Yahia S, Jelliti B, Messaoud R. New infectious etiologies for posterior uveitis. Ophthalmic Res. 2013;49:66\u201372.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"2700_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530701418375","volume":"22","author":"RK Seth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seth RK, Stoessel KM, Adelman RA. Choroidal neovascularization associated with West Nile virus chorioretinitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2007;22:81\u20134.","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"468\u2013477","key":"2700_CR6","first-page":"e2","volume":"156","author":"SL Baxter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baxter SL, Pistilli M, Pujari SS, Liesegang TL, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, et al. Risk of choroidal neovascularization among the uveitides. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(468\u2013477):e2.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2700_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e3181e18042","volume":"5","author":"AR Gohari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gohari AR, Willson RL, Gitter KA. West Nile virus occlusive retinal vasculitis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2011;5:209\u201312.","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T12:06:15Z","timestamp":1618833975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02700-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This is a case report. Consent to publish was obtained from the patient.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"206"}}