{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:16:53Z","timestamp":1793859413332,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Limbic encephalitis (LE), a variant of autoimmune encephalitis, is inflammation of the limbic system of the brain. The disorder presents with subacute impairment of short-term memory, psychiatric manifestations, confusion and seizures. \u201cSeronegative LE\u201d is a challenging diagnosis in the absence of well-characterized autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 33-year-old Kuwaiti woman with no relevant past history presented with subacute progressive amnesia of 6-month duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral hyperintensity of the limbic structures. An extensive workup of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) failed to identify paraneoplastic or autoimmune antibodies. The diagnosis of seronegative LE was made, and immunotherapy was initiated, with improvement in cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seronegative LE is a challenging diagnosis. Inability to detect autoantibodies, especially early in the disease course, should not rule out the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment with immunotherapy may prevent irreversible brain damage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02742-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:04:51Z","timestamp":1616544291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seronegative limbic encephalitis manifesting as subacute amnestic syndrome: a case report and review of the\u00a0literature"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail Ibrahim","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Alnaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasem Y.","family":"Al-Hashel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2742_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000505232","volume":"12","author":"II Ismail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail II, John KJ, Ibrahim M, Al-Hashel JY. 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