{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:29:18Z","timestamp":1792002558912,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Left ventricular noncompaction is a rare cardiomyopathy characterized by a thin, compacted epicardial layer and a noncompacted endocardial layer, with trabeculations and recesses that communicate with the left ventricular cavity. In the advanced stage of the disease, the classical triad of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and systemic embolization is common. Segments involved are the apex and mid inferior and lateral walls. The right ventricular apex may be affected as well.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 29-year-old Caucasian male was hospitalized with dyspnea and fatigue at minimal exertion during the last months before admission. He also described a history of edema of the legs and abdominal pain in the last weeks. Physical examination revealed dyspnea, pulmonary rales, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm with nonspecific repolarization changes. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring identified ventricular tachycardia episodes with right bundle branch block morphology. Transthoracic echocardiography at admission revealed dilated left ventricle with trabeculations located predominantly at the apex but also in the apical and mid portion of lateral and inferior wall; end-systolic ratio of noncompacted to compacted layers &gt;\u20092; moderate mitral regurgitation; and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Between apical trabeculations, multiple thrombi were found. The right ventricle had normal morphology and function. Speckle-tracking echocardiography also revealed systolic left ventricle dysfunction and solid body rotation. Abdominal echocardiography showed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Abdominal computed tomography was suggestive for hepatic and renal infarctions. Laboratory tests revealed high levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and liver enzymes. Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation at 1\u00a0month after discharge confirmed the diagnosis. The patient received anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, and heart failure treatment. After 2\u00a0months, before device implantation, he presented clinical improvement, and echocardiographic evaluation did not detect thrombi in the left ventricle. Coronary angiography was within normal range. A cardioverter defibrillator was implanted for prevention of sudden cardiac death.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Left ventricular noncompaction is rare cardiomyopathy, but it should always be considered as a possible diagnosis in a patient hospitalized with heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, and systemic embolic events. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance are essential imaging tools for diagnosis and follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T23:25:51Z","timestamp":1623108351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Left ventricular noncompaction\u2014a rare cause of triad: heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, and systemic embolic events: a\u00a0case report\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Despina","family":"Toader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Paraschiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petri\u0219or","family":"Tudora\u0219cu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Tudora\u0219cu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Bataiosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Bal\u0219eanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2862_CR1","first-page":"267","volume":"2","author":"P Wengrofsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wengrofsky P, Armenia C, Oleszak F, et\u00a0al. Left ventricular trabeculation and noncompaction cardiomyopathy: a review. EC Clin Exp Anat. 2019;2(6):267\u201383.","journal-title":"EC Clin Exp Anat"},{"key":"2862_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.031","author":"E Oechslin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oechslin E, Jenni R. Left ventricular noncompaction from physiologic remodeling to noncompaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.031.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"2862_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","author":"MR Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang MR, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et\u00a0al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of cardiovascular imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2862_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287","volume":"113","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et\u00a0al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006;113:1807\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2862_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342","volume":"29","author":"P Elliott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, et\u00a0al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(2):270\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"2862_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000132478.60674","volume":"109","author":"BC Weiford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiford BC, Subbarao VD, Mulhern KM. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Circulation. 2004;109:2965\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000132478.60674.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2862_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iiil15","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep158","volume":"10","author":"DE Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas DE, Wheeler R, Yousef ZR, Masani ND. The role of echocardiography in guiding management in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:iiil15-iii21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep158.","journal-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2862_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.6.666","volume":"86","author":"R Jenni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, et\u00a0al. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86:666\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heart.86.6.666.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"2","key":"2862_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.82.2.507","volume":"82","author":"TK Chin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, et\u00a0al. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation. 1990;82(2):507\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.82.2.507.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2862_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(03)00514-5","volume":"17","author":"C Stollberger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation\/noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17:91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0894-7317(03)00514-5.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2862_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.07.003","volume":"25","author":"C Gebhard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gebhard C, Stahli BE, Greutmann M, et\u00a0al. Reduced left ventricular compacta thickness: a novel echocardiographic criterion for non-compaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25(10):1050\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2012.07.003.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"2862_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr164","volume":"14","author":"M Niemann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niemann M, Liu D, Hu K, et\u00a0al. Echocardiographic quantification of regional deformation helps to distinguish isolated left ventricular non-compaction from dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:155\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr164.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2862_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.08.006","volume":"10","author":"BM van Dalen","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Dalen BM, Caliskan K, Soliman OII, et\u00a0al. Left ventricular solid body rotation in non- compaction cardiomyopathy: a potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion? Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10:1088\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.08.006.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2862_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet076","volume":"15","author":"F Peters","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peters F, Khandheria BK, Libhaber E, et\u00a0al. Left ventricular twist in left ventricular noncompaction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjci\/jet076.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2862_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.045","volume":"46","author":"SE Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, et\u00a0al. Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:101\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.045.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2862_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp595","volume":"31","author":"A Jacquier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacquier A, Thuny F, Jop B, et\u00a0al. Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(9):1098\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp595.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2862_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2554-7","volume":"22","author":"M Grothoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grothoff M, Pachowsky M, Hoffmann J, et\u00a0al. Value of cardiovascular MR in diagnosing left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy and in discriminating between other cardiomyopathies. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(10):2699\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-012-2554-7.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2862_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.019","volume":"71","author":"JI van Waning","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Waning JI, Caliskan K, Hoedemaekers YM, et\u00a0al. Genetics, clinical features and long-term outcome of noncompaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:711\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.019.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"2862_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur245","volume":"13","author":"MJ Ackerman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, et\u00a0al. HRS\/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies This document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace. 2011;13:1077\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eur245.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2862_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5172308","volume":"2016","author":"CE Bennett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bennett CE, Freudenberger R. The current approach to diagnosis and management of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: review of the literature. Cardiol Res Pract. 2016;2016:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/5172308.","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"key":"2862_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","volume":"36","author":"G Silvia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silvia G, Priori SG, Blomstro C, Andrea Mazzanti A, et\u00a0al. ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2793\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2862_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.08.043","volume":"109","author":"M Greutmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greutmann M, Mah ML, Silversides CK, et\u00a0al. Predictors of adverse outcome in adolescents and adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:276\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.08.043.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2862_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009712","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009712","volume":"13","author":"N Aung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aung N, Doimo S, Ricci F, et\u00a0al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular noncompaction systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:e009712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009712.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T23:42:06Z","timestamp":1623109326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02862-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"316"}}