{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T17:28:43Z","timestamp":1749144523828,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The chorioretinal inflammatory lesions occurring in punctate inner choroiditis evolve into punched-out atrophic scars. Typically, the progression is gradual. We report a case of highly myopic punctate inner choroiditis with rapid progression of chorioretinal atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 48-year-old Japanese woman with high myopia presented with decreased visual acuity. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20\/28 in the right eye and 20\/16 in the left eye; axial length was 29.0\u00a0mm and 28.7\u00a0mm, respectively. Fundoscopy revealed an epiretinal membrane in the left eye. Three years later, the best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye had decreased to 20\/33; at this time, the patient underwent vitrectomy with epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane peeling in this eye. Six months later, the best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye decreased suddenly to 20\/100. Optical coherence tomography showed a nodule-like lesion in the outer retina with disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium and a focally thickened choroid, compatible with PIC. One month later, the choroidal thickness had decreased. The central chorioretinal atrophy expanded rapidly at a rate of 0.45\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/year over the next 3\u00a0years, and new areas of patchy focal chorioretinal atrophy developed in the perifovea.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rapid progression of chorioretinal atrophy was observed in a patient with punctate inner choroiditis. Because punctate inner choroiditis is often associated with degenerative myopia, the retina is fragile and may be susceptible to mechanical damage. This case report alerts clinicians to the need for careful management of patients with punctate inner choroiditis, especially after vitrectomy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:03:48Z","timestamp":1639526628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapid progression of chorioretinal atrophy in punctate inner choroiditis: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuka","family":"Kasuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Inoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90243-5","volume":"98","author":"RC Watzke","year":"1984","unstructured":"Watzke RC, Packer AJ, Folk JC, Benson WE, Burgess D, Ober RR. Punctate inner choroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:572\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02088-3","volume":"135","author":"LM Jampol","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jampol LM, Becker KG. White spot syndromes of the retina: a hypothesis based on the common genetic hypothesis of autoimmune\/inflammatory disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:376\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.047","volume":"114","author":"AT Gerstenblith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gerstenblith AT, Thorne JE, Sobrin L, Do DV, Shah SM, Foster CS, et\u00a0al. Punctate inner choroidopathy: a survey analysis of 77 persons. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1201\u20134.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.10.003","volume":"62","author":"D Ahnood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahnood D, Madhusudhan S, Tsaloumas MD, Waheed NK, Leane PA, Denniston AK. Punctate inner choroidopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62:113\u201326.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318286cc77","volume":"33","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Goldberg N, Freund KB. Redefining multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis and punctate inner choroidopathy through multimodal imaging. Retina. 2013;33:1315\u201324.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000370","volume":"35","author":"MR Munk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munk MR, Jung JJ, Biggee K, Tucker WR, Sen HN, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et\u00a0al. Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis\/punctate inner choroidopathy with acute photoreceptor loss or dysfunction out of proportion to clinically visible lesions. Retina. 2015;35:334\u201343.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3169_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000026","volume":"8","author":"JJ Jung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung JJ, Mrejen S, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA. Idiopathic multimodal imaging analysis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2014;8:141\u20134.","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"3169_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"YC Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen YC, Chen YL, Chen SN. Chorioretinal atrophy in punctate inner choroidopathy\/multifocal choriditis: a five-year follow-up study. Occul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;8:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Occul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"3169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.07.002","volume":"11","author":"R Hua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hua R, Liu L, Chen L. Evaluation on the progression rate of atrophy lesions in punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) based on autofluorescence analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014;11:565\u20139.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"3169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1185-z","volume":"19","author":"H Nakashizuka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakashizuka H, Kitagawa Y, Wakatsuki Y, Tanaka K, Furuya K, Hattori T, et\u00a0al. Prospective study of vitrectomy for epiretinal membranes in patients with good best-corrected visual acuity. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19:183.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318203c1ef","volume":"31","author":"SK Vance","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vance SK, Khan S, Klancnik JM, Freund KB. Characteristic spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings of multifocal choroiditis. Retina. 2011;31:717\u201323.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.05.012","volume":"120","author":"X Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zuo C, Li M, Chen H, Huang S, Wen F. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic findings at each stage of punctate inner choroidopathy. Ophthalmology. 2011;120:2678\u201383.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.7.996","volume":"120","author":"RM Brueggeman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brueggeman RM, Noffke AS, Jampol LM. Resolution of punctate inner choroidopathy lesions with oral prednisone therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:996.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30561-7","volume":"103","author":"J Brown Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brown J Jr, Folk JC, Reddy CV, Kimura AE. Visual prognosis of multifocal choroiditis, punctate inner choroidopathy, and the diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1100\u20135.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3169_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179105","volume":"12","author":"WC Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang WC, Lin C, Lee CH, Sung TL, Tung TH, Liu JH. Vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic epiretinal membrane: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0179105.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01925-6","volume":"135","author":"M Karacorlu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S, Ozdemir H. Iatrogenic punctate chorioretinopathy after internal limiting membrane peeling. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:178\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.03.019","volume":"166","author":"JJB Ohno-Matsui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui JJB, Spaide RF. Macular Bruch membrane holes in highly myopic patchy chorioretinal atrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;166:22\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.003","volume":"117","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, Moriyama M, Kojima A, Hyahashi W, et\u00a0al. Long-term pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy: a natural history study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1595\u2013611.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3169_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001733","volume":"38","author":"A Miere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miere A, Capuano V, Serra R, Jung C, Souied E, Querques G. Evaluation of patchy atrophy secondary to high myopia be semiautomated software for fundus autofluorescence analysis. Retina. 2018;38:1301\u20136.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820a67ad","volume":"31","author":"X Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wen F, Zuo C, Li M, Chen H, Huang S, et\u00a0al. Clinical features of punctate inner choroidopathy in Chinese patients. Retina. 2011;31:1680\u201391.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.09.046","volume":"139","author":"NM Holekamp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holekamp NM, Shui YB, Beebe DC. Vitrectomy surgery increases oxygen exposure to the lens: a possible mechanism for nuclear cataract formation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:302\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12638","volume":"44","author":"R Gu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gu R, Zhou M, Jiang C, Yu J, Xu G. Elevated concentration of cytokines in aqueous in post-vitrectomy eyes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;44:128\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et\u00a0al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036\u201342.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.091461","volume":"85","author":"H El-Gabalawy","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Gabalawy H, Guenther LC, Bernstein CN. Epidemiology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: incidence, prevalence, natural history, and comorbidities. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2010;85:2\u201310.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:03:55Z","timestamp":1639526635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-021-03169-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1752-1947"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted according to the guidelines for human studies and was carried out ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The patient provided informed consent for this case to be published. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board of Jichi Medical University Hospital (reference number 17-100).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"593"}}