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However, this pathology remains infrequent and difficult to diagnose, as no specific test exists.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Two Caucasian women, 30 and 22\u00a0years old, presented to our General Medicine Unit with perniosis lesions on the feet during the first two waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. They did not have respiratory or general symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swabs was negative, and the serology was positive only in the first case. The clinical presentation differed for the two cases, as the second patient suffered from swelling and burning after cold application. The diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, temporality, exclusion of other differential diagnoses, and blood test results (positive serology in the first case and high level of CXCL13 and VEGF in the second), supported by current literature. Lesions resolved spontaneously in the first patient. The second case was hospitalized for pain management and received corticosteroid therapy with resolution of the symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These two cases with different clinical presentations illustrate the diagnostic approach to coronavirus disease 2019, a challenging disease with diverse manifestations, including, in some cases, coronavirus disease toes. We present a literature review that illustrates the progression of scientific research. Skin lesions associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection could be the expression of an important interferon type 1 response and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a primary care setting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04626-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:02:19Z","timestamp":1719532939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnosis and management of COVID toes in outpatients: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Pouxe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Abdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9394-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"de Valli\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teofila","family":"Seremet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6920-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Favrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0033-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kokkinakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.018","volume":"179","author":"S Muralidar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muralidar S, Ambi SV, Sekaran S, Krishnan UM. 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A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"307"}}