{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:29:05Z","timestamp":1789615745031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diagnosing non-gestational uterine choriocarcinoma in children is challenging because of its rarity and nonspecific imaging findings. Herein, we report a case of non-gestational uterine choriocarcinoma in a child, which was unexpectedly found during exploratory laparotomy and confirmed by histopathological findings. However, the tumor did not respond to chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 4-year-old Indonesian female patient was brought into the emergency unit with chief complaint of vaginal bleeding. She had suffered from vaginal spotting 4 months before being admitted to the hospital. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen in the left lumbar region and a palpable fixed mass with a smooth surface. Abdominal computed tomography scans revealed a large mass (10\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u2009\u00d7\u200912\u00a0cm) with fluid density and calcification. Thus, we suspected left ovarian teratoma. The patient\u2019s luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were 25.2\u00a0mIU\/ml, 0.1\u00a0mIU\/ml, and 406\u00a0U\/l, respectively. According to the clinical and radiological findings, we decided to perform an exploratory laparotomy and found a tumor originating from the uterus, not the ovarium. We did not observe liver nodules and any enlargement of abdominal lymph nodes. Subsequently, we performed hysterectomy. The histopathological findings supported the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma. The patient was discharged uneventfully on postoperative day\u00a05. Thereafter, the patient underwent nine cycles of chemotherapy, including carboplatin (600\u00a0mg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> IV), etoposide (120\u00a0mg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> IV), and bleomycin (15\u00a0mg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> IV). However, on the basis of the clinical findings of a palpable mass and partial intestinal obstruction, the tumor relapsed soon after the ninth cycle of chemotherapy. Currently, the patient is undergoing chemotherapy again.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although pure non-gestational uterine choriocarcinoma is rare, it should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses for intraabdominal tumors in a child, so as to better guide and counsel families regarding the surgical plan and prognosis, respectively. In the present case, the patient\u2019s response to chemotherapy was poor, implying that the treatment of non-gestational choriocarcinoma is still challenging, particularly in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:01:29Z","timestamp":1721001689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pure non-gestational uterine choriocarcinoma in a child: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Faisol","family":"Darmawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya Rifqi","family":"Fauzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogatianus Bagus","family":"Pratignyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieri","family":"Kumaladewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrini Esha","family":"Rahmadanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Niko","family":"Santhony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanggoro Tri","family":"Rinonce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Gunadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4664_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2019.1617564","volume":"20","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Wan Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Cheng X, Wu M, Liu G. Pure non-gestational uterine choriocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a case report with literature review. Cancer Biol Ther. 2019;20:1176\u201382.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"4664_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-003-1361-1","volume":"163","author":"ME Blohm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blohm ME, G\u00f6bel U. Unexplained anaemia and failure to thrive as initial symptoms of infantile choriocarcinoma: a review. Eur J Ped. 2004;163:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Ped"},{"key":"4664_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041934","volume":"18","author":"M Rzanny-Owczarzak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rzanny-Owczarzak M, Sawicka-Metkowska J, Jo\u0144czyk-Potoczna K, Gowin E, Sosnowska-Sienkiewicz P, Ma\u0144kowski P, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D. Simultaneous occurrence of choriocarcinoma in an infant and mother. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1934.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4664_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1212-x","volume":"34","author":"M van der Hoef","year":"2004","unstructured":"van der Hoef M, Niggli FK, Willi UV, Huisman TA. Solitary infantile choriocarcinoma of the liver: MRI findings. Ped Radiol. 2004;34:820\u20133.","journal-title":"Ped Radiol"},{"key":"4664_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00365-8","volume":"37","author":"ME Blohm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blohm ME, Calaminus G, Gnekow AK, Heidemann PH, Bolkenius M, Weinel P, Von Schweinitz D, Ambros PF, Schneider DT, Harms D, G\u00f6bel U. Disseminated choriocarcinoma in infancy is curable by chemotherapy and delayed tumour resection. 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Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20:299\u2013302.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:01:31Z","timestamp":1721001691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-024-04664-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was exempted by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada\/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, because it was a case report. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients\u2019 parents for participating in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient\u2019s legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning this article\u2019s research, authorship, and\/or publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"323"}}