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Although this disease can be treated, it can relapse in rare cases. Relapsing typically occurs within the early years following the initial episode and is exceedingly rare after 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this case study, we report on a 16-year-old Iranian female experiencing a relapse of anti-<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-methyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-aspartate receptor encephalitis 8 years after her initial diagnosis. She was admitted to the hospital with dysphasia (a speech disorder) and dyslexia (reading and writing impairment). A thorough clinical evaluation revealed the presence of anti-glutamate receptor type <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-methyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-aspartate receptor antibodies in her serum and cerebrospinal fluid, confirming the diagnosis. Following treatment with immunotherapy and plasmapheresis, she made a complete recovery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case of relapsing anti-<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-methyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-aspartate receptor encephalitis, occurring more than 5 years after the initial episode, is exceptionally rare. This late relapse underscores the importance of long-term follow-up for patients with this condition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04886-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:01:35Z","timestamp":1732838495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Late relapse of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Amiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4388-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakhreddin","family":"Shariatmadari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4886_CR1","first-page":"7506590","volume":"2020","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Xiao Z. 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Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and her family members to publish this case report and accompanying images, and their identities have been kept confidential to protect their privacy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient\u2019s legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"575"}}