{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:27:49Z","timestamp":1770751669936,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:52:48Z","timestamp":1768416768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primary pulmonary hypoplasia masquerading as pneumonia in a preterm neonate and creating a diagnostic challenge: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8133-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namita","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Sukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kushal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5808_CR1","volume-title":"Fanaroff and Martin\u2019s neonatal-perinatal medicine","author":"M Crowley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crowley M. Fanaroff and Martin\u2019s neonatal-perinatal medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"5808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(83)90017-8","volume":"8","author":"AC Moessinger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Moessinger AC, Bassi GA, Ballantyne G, Collins MH, James LS, Blanc WA. Experimental production of pulmonary hypoplasia following amniocentesis and oligohydramnios. Early Hum Dev. 1983;8(3\u20134):343\u201350.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(86)90167-2","volume":"14","author":"WF Knox","year":"1986","unstructured":"Knox WF, Barson AJ. Pulmonary hypoplasia in a regional perinatal unit. Early Hum Dev. 1986;14(1):33\u201342.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-018-0281-5","volume":"18","author":"J Sadiqi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadiqi J, Hamidi H. CT features of lung agenesis - A case series (6 cases). BMC Med Imaging. 2018;18(1):37.","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"5808_CR5","volume":"9","author":"T Glasberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glasberg T, Jackson P, Pavlova Z, Nair S. Infant with clinical evidence of pulmonary hypoplasia: a case report. Cureus. 2017;9(5): e1298.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"5808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F81","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.2.F81","volume":"81","author":"HJ Porter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Porter HJ. Pulmonary hypoplasia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;81(2):F81\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"2023","key":"5808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3216232","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3216232","volume":"31","author":"Y Kinoshita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kinoshita Y, Sakamoto R, Hattori Y, Furuie K, Kuraoka S, Hidaka Y, Tamura H, Mitsubuchi H, Nakamura K. Elective cesarean section during preterm prevents pulmonary hypoplasia development in potter sequence. Case Rep Pediatr. 2023;31(2023):3216232.","journal-title":"Case Rep Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2002.6390","volume":"106","author":"MR Chinoy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chinoy MR. Pulmonary hypoplasia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: advances in the pathogenetics and regulation of lung development. J Surg Res. 2002;106(1):209\u201323.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093557","volume":"9","author":"I Ruchonnet-Metrailler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruchonnet-Metrailler I, Bessieres B, Bonnet D, Vibhushan S, Delacourt C. Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital heart diseases: a fetal study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4): e93557.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5808_CR10","first-page":"596","volume":"132","author":"TP Cooney","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cooney TP, Thurlbeck wm. Lung growth and development in anencephly and hydranencephaly. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:596\u2013601.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L892","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00434.2020","volume":"321","author":"S Danopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danopoulos S, Deutsch GH, Dumortier C, Mariani TJ, Al Alam D. Lung disease manifestations in Down syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2021;321(5):L892\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5808_CR12","first-page":"199","volume":"39","author":"A Sajjan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sajjan A, Arakeri SU, Mudanur S. Evaluation of relative frequency of pulmonary hypoplasia and various anomalies associated with pulmonary hypoplasia in fetal autopsy study. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2023;39(3):199\u2013205.","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"key":"5808_CR13","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Langman\u2019s medical embryology","author":"TW Sadler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sadler TW. Respiratory system. In: Sadler TW, editor. Langman\u2019s medical embryology. 8th ed. MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 275\u201384.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(55)90510-9","volume":"89","author":"EA Boyden","year":"1955","unstructured":"Boyden EA. Developmental anomalies of the lungs. Am J Surg. 1955;89(1):79\u201389.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"5808_CR15","volume-title":"Nelson textbook of pediatrics","author":"JD Finder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Finder JD. Pulmonary hypoplasia. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton B, St Geme J, Schor, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Publisher; 2012.","edition":"19th"},{"issue":"2","key":"5808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.12.004","volume":"75","author":"JS Hsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu JS, Lee YS, Lin CH, et\u00a0al. Primary congenital pulmonary hypoplasia of a neonate. J Chin Med Assoc. 2012;75(2):87\u201390.","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"5808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr2012008098","author":"M Pathania","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathania M, Lali BS, Rathaur VK. Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia: a rare clinical presentation. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr2012008098.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"5808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/acr-22-38","volume":"7","author":"N Ramesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramesh N, Velotta JB. Pneumonectomy in an elderly patient with congenital unilateral lung hypoplasia and recurrent Aspergillus: a case report. AME Case Rep. 2022;7: 9.","journal-title":"AME Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"5808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.107435","volume":"182","author":"HN Winn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Winn HN, Chen M, Amon E, Leet TL, Shumway JB, Mostello D. Neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia and perinatal mortality in patients with midtrimester rupture of amniotic membranes\u2014A critical analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(6):1638\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2015.10.008","volume":"85","author":"YP Delgado-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delgado-Pe\u00f1a YP, Torrent-Vernetta A, Sacoto G, de Mir-Messa I, Rovira-Amigo S, Gartner S, et\u00a0al. Pulmonary hypoplasia: an analysis of cases over a 20-year period. An Pediatr (Barc). 2016;85(2):70\u20136.","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"issue":"3","key":"5808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.06.049","volume":"201","author":"TP Waters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waters TP, Mercer BM. The management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes near the limit of fetal viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(3):230\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"5808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000942.pub3","author":"GJ Hofmeyr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ, Eke AC, Lawrie TA. Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000942.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"5808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-130","volume":"10","author":"EE Perrone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perrone EE, Deprest JA. Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a narrative review of the history, current practice, and future directions. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(5):1448\u201360.","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0494-9","volume":"44","author":"M Bus\u00e8","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bus\u00e8 M, Graziano F, Lunetta F, Sulliotti G, Duca V. Inhaled nitric oxide as a rescue therapy in a preterm neonate with severe pulmonary hypertension: a case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):55.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR25","volume":"25","author":"TA Raja Mamat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raja Mamat TA, Sayuti KA, Nadarajan C, Mohd Zain MR. Unilateral opaque chest radiograph in paediatrics: a case series. South Afr J Radiol. 2021;25(1): 2164.","journal-title":"South Afr J Radiol"},{"issue":"49","key":"5808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.046","volume":"34","author":"S Vergnano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vergnano S, Buttery J, Cailes B, Chandrasekaran R, Chiappini E, Clark E. Neonatal infections: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data. Vaccine. 2016;34(49):6038\u201346.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"5808_CR27","first-page":"43","volume":"22","author":"BR Alvares","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alvares BR, Pereira IM, Mezzacappa MA, Stopiglia MS, Pires CS. Pulmonary atelectasis in newborn infants: etiology and radiological aspects. Sci Med (Porto Alegre). 2012;22(1):43\u201352.","journal-title":"Sci Med (Porto Alegre)"},{"key":"5808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000916","author":"I Iwama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iwama I, Kohama M. Unilateral lung whiteout in children: four cases and a discussion of management. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000916.","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:24:10Z","timestamp":1770722650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-025-05808-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the institute\u2019s ethical committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient\u2019s legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"77"}}