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Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been extensively studied for the treatment of schistosomiasis. However, the mechanism by which MSCs modulate the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis has not been clarified. Furthermore, the local inflammatory milieu may greatly influence the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs, and our early experiments demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR)2\/TLR4 agonist effected immune modulation of MSC. Here, we further investigated their modulation on the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult BALB\/c male mice were percutaneously infected with 16\u2009\u00b1\u20092 pairs <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> cercariae and received intravenously pretreated MSC at 1\u2009week and 3\u2009weeks post-infection, respectively. At 8\u2009weeks post-infection, effects of MSC on liver histology were shown by hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining and Masson staining and quantitatively compared by the hepatic hydroxyproline content; \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA), collagen type I(Col-1), transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) gene expression in the liver were assessed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the Th1\/Th2 dominance among different groups was compared by analyzing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3)+ and CD4+interleukin-4 (IL-4)+T cells in the liver by flow cytometry and serum level of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-5 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Effects of different kinds of MSC were further evaluated in vitro by the coculture system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results showed TLR4- and IFN-\u03b3-activated MSC alleviated liver fibrosis in infected mice, without a significant increase of mortality, and unpretreated MSC showed no clear improvement; however, TLR2- and IFN-\u03b3-activated MSC displayed aggravated immunopathology. In accord with the pathological results, TLR4- and IFN-\u03b3-activated MSC groups showed moderate enhancement of Th1 response in vitro and clear Th1 dominance in vivo without leading to extreme inflammation, whereas TLR2- and IFN-\u03b3-activated MSC not only induced Th1 response, but also triggered excessive inflammation as evidenced by atrophy of the thymus and higher TNF level in the coculture system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study demonstrates that TLR4 combined with IFN-\u03b3 can activate the MSC group with positive effects on the pathology of schistosomiasis by modulating Th subsets at some degree. This result suggests that when MSC is being used to treat different immuno-disturbance complications, subtle pretreatment methods should be seriously considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01735-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1591358563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Immunopathology in schistosomiasis is regulated by TLR2,4- and IFN-\u03b3-activated MSC through modulating Th1\/Th2 responses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-shu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei-bei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong-dao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-xia","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800135","volume":"360","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, et al. 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The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"217"}}