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The result showed that the protein expressions of oxidative-stress (NOX-1\/NOX-2\/oxidized-protein), apoptotic\/mitochondrial-damaged (mitochondrial-Bax\/cleaved-caspase3\/cleaved-PARP\/cytosolic-cytochrome C), and fibrotic (TGF-\u00df\/Smad3) biomarkers as well as testicular damage scores were lowest in group 1, highest in group 2, and significantly higher in groups 3\/4 than in group 5, but they showed no difference between groups 3\/4, whereas the protein expressions of androgen receptor (AR) and vimentin showed an opposite pattern of oxidative stress (all p &lt; 0.0001). The cellular levels of inflammation (MMP-9\/MPO\/CD68) exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the numbers of Sertoli cells, \u03b1-tubulin, AR and vimentin as well as thickness of seminiferous tubule exhibited an opposite pattern of oxidative stress among the groups (all p &lt; 0.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mel-ADMSCs effectively protected the testis against TTIR injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02439-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T09:02:46Z","timestamp":1624957366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Combined melatonin-adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy effectively protected the testis from testicular torsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yen-Ta","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Y.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Hsun","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ruei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6305-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hon-Kan","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.135","volume":"11","author":"E Karaguzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karaguzel E, Kadihasanoglu M, Kutlu O. 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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The article has been reviewed by and approved by all named authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"370"}}