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Despite the elusiveness of innate therapeutic effects, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise for inflammation-related diseases. Recent evidence indicates that disease-specific inflammatory cytokines could enhance the therapeutic effects of MSCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By establishing a CP\/CPPS mouse model and pretreating MSCs with the cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), we studied the IL-1\u03b2-primed MSC immunoregulatory ability and targeted migration ability in vitro and in CP\/CPPS mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IL-1\u03b2 levels significantly increased in the prostate tissue and serum of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) mice. Pretreatment with IL-1\u03b2 enhanced the immunomodulatory potential and targeted migration of MSCs in vitro. Furthermore, intravenous infusion of IL-1\u03b2-primed MSCs dampened inflammation in prostate tissues and alleviated hyperalgesia in EAP mice. The infused MSCs inhibited monocyte infiltration and promoted regulatory T lymphocyte formation in prostate tissue, thus remodeling the local environment. Surprisingly, IL-1\u03b2-primed MSCs exhibited improved accumulation in the spleen but not in prostate tissue. Accordingly, infused MSCs reshaped systemic immunity by reducing the proportion of Ly6C\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD11b\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      monocytes and boosting the proportion of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Foxp3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      regulatory T lymphocytes in the spleen and lung. Inflammatory chemokine (C\u2013C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) decreased through the downregulation of the NF-\u03baB and JNK\/MAPK pathways by inflammatory resolution via MSCs infusion to alleviate pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, IL-1\u03b2-primed MSCs restored systemic immunologic homeostasis to alleviate CP\/CPPS by modulating systemic immunity. These findings provide a novel strategy to boost the therapeutic effects of MSC-based therapy for CP\/CPPS and reveal the essential role of systematic immunity in the treatment of CP\/CPPS with MSC infusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02579-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1632582173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["IL-1\u03b2-primed mesenchymal stromal cells exert enhanced therapeutic effects to alleviate Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome through systemic immunity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hanchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0135-5","volume":"16","author":"JQ Clemens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clemens JQ, Mullins C, Ackerman AL, Bavendam T, van Bokhoven A, Ellingson BM, et al. 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All samples were collected with patient consent and signed informed consent. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (approval number: SYSU-IACUC-2018-168-1). All surgical procedures and postoperative nursing methods were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (approval number: SYSU-IACUC-2021-000164).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"514"}}