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However, the action of MSCs on chronic radiation cystitis (CRC) remains to be demonstrated. The aim of this study was to set up a rat model of CRC and to evaluate the efficacy of MSCs and their mode of action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRC was induced by single-dose localized irradiation of the whole bladder using two beams guided by tomography in female Sprague\u2013Dawley rat. A dose range of 20\u201380\u00a0Gy with follow-up 3\u201312\u00a0months after irradiation was used to characterize the dose effect and the kinetics of radiation cystitis in rats. For the treatment, the dose of 40\u00a0Gy was retained, and in order to potentiate the effect of the MSCs, MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue. After expansion, they were injected intravenously during the pre-chronic phase. Three injections of 5 million MSCs were administered every fortnight. Follow-up was performed for 12\u00a0months after irradiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed that the intensity and frequency of hematuria are proportional to the irradiation dose, with a threshold at 40\u00a0Gy and the appearance of bleeding from 100\u00a0days post-irradiation. The MSCs reduced vascular damage as well as damage to the bladder epithelium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results are in favor of MSCs acting to limit progression of the chronic phase of radiation cystitis. MSC treatment may afford real hope for all patients suffering from chronic radiation cystitis resistant to conventional treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03230-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1673384551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mesenchymal stem cells limit vascular and epithelial damage and restore the impermeability of the urothelium in chronic radiation cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Brossard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Pouliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Charlotte","family":"Lefranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamedamine","family":"Benadjaoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Demarquay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Buard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Benderitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Milliat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4687-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Chapel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"3230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0459","volume":"24","author":"M Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song M, Lim J, Yu HY, Park J, Chun JY, Jeong J, Heo J, Kang H, Kim Y, Cho YM, et al. 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Whole study was approved by a local ethics committee #81 \u201cComit\u00e9 d\u2019Ethique en Exp\u00e9rimentation Animale\u201d which belong to IRSN and authorized by the French Ministry of Research under the reference APAFIS#12922\u2013201801051531419 v1, #17561\u2013201801051531419 v2 (internal project number P17-09) and #20993\u2013201906071027312 v2 (internal project number P19-09)].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}