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Exogenous delivery of mesenchymal stem cells is associated with instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions, mechanical stress during administration, and replicative senescence or change in phenotype during long-term culture in vitro. In this study, we aimed to mobilize endogenous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using AMD-3100 and provide local immune suppression using FK506, an immunosuppressive drug, for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive FK506-loaded thioketal microspheres were prepared by emulsification solvent-evaporation method. Thioketal vehicle based FK506 microspheres and AMD3100 were co-administered into male C57BL6\/J mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)\u00a0induced colitis. The effect of FK506-loaded thioketal microspheres in colitis mice were evaluated using disease severity index, myeloperoxidase activity, histology, flow cytometry, and gene expression by qRT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The delivery of AMD-3100 enhanced mobilization of HSCs from the bone marrow into the inflamed colon of mice. Furthermore, targeted oral delivery of FK506 in an inflamed colon inhibited the immune activation in the colon. In the DSS-induced colitis mouse model, the combination of\u00a0AMD-3100 and FK506-loaded thioketal microspheres ameliorated the disease, decreased immune cell infiltration and activation, and improved body weight, colon length, and epithelial healing process.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study shows that the significant increase in the percentage of mobilized\u00a0hematopoietic stem cells in the combination therapy of AMD and oral FK506 microspheres may contribute to a synergistic therapeutic effect. Thus, low-dose local delivery of\u00a0FK506 combined with AMD3100 could be a promising alternative treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03777-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:06:24Z","timestamp":1718273184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endogenous stem cell mobilization and localized immunosuppression synergistically ameliorate DSS-induced Colitis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shobha","family":"Regmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Oh","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo-Won","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu-Lin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongryeol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hyuk","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simmyung","family":"Yook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7120-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee-Heon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3777_CR1","first-page":"247","volume":"8","author":"KA Head","year":"2003","unstructured":"Head KA, Jurenka JS. 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