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Traditionally, NK cells are primarily derived from either peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). However, these methods can lead to variability and heterogeneity within the NK cell population. In contrast, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK (iNK) cells provide a more controlled and uniform cellular population, suitable for large-scale clinical applications. This makes iNK cells a promising option for developing \u201coff-the-shelf\u201d immunotherapeutic products. Nevertheless, current NK cell differentiation protocols, which rely on embryoid body (EB) cultures, are labor-intensive and susceptible to unwanted heterogeneity during differentiation. Here, we developed a more efficient approach for generating iNK cells by employing a monolayer and feeder-free differentiation protocol, alongside optimized culture media.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The iNK cells were generated using a two-step in vitro monolayer feeder-free system following NK cell development. To evaluate their maturity, phenotypic analysis was performed using flow cytometry, comparing with PB-NK cells and the NK-92 cell line. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to examine their transcriptomic profiles. The cytotoxic activity of the iNK cells was evaluated by co-culturing with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and breast cancer (BCA) cell lines in both monolayer (2D) and tumor spheroid (3D) co-culture systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We successfully differentiated iPSCs into mesoderm (ME), hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and NK cells. The resulting iNK cells exhibited typical NK cell markers such as CD45, CD56, and CD16, and expressed key functional proteins, including both activating and inhibitory receptors. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed that the transcriptomic profile of our iNK cells closely resembles that of PB-NK cells. Importantly, our iNK cells demonstrated strong cytotoxic abilities against various CCA and BCA cell lines, surpassing the NK-92 cell line in both monolayer cultures and tumor spheroid cultures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights the potential of iPSCs as an effective alternative cell source for generating NK cells. Using a two-step in vitro monolayer feeder-free system, we successfully generated iNK cells that not only expressed key NK cell markers and their receptors but also displayed a transcriptomic profile closely resembling PB-NK cells. Furthermore, iNK cells exhibited cytotoxicity against CCA and BCA cell lines comparable to that of PB-NK cells. This approach could pave the way for off-the-shelf NK cell products, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of adoptive NK cell therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04029-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:12:55Z","timestamp":1731456775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Phenotypic and transcriptomic profiling of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK cells and their cytotoxicity against cancers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nontaphat","family":"Thongsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriwal","family":"Suwanpitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punn","family":"Augsornworawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakkrapatra","family":"Srisantitham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritayaporn","family":"Saiprayong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piroon","family":"Jenjaroenpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Methichit","family":"Wattanapanitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.006","volume":"132","author":"KS Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell KS, Hasegawa J. 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This research was part of the project titled\u201d Generation of \u201coff-the-shelf\u201d iPSC-derived natural killer (NK) cells as a prototype for cell-based therapy\u201d. Each patient was given an information sheet explaining the study and provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have contributed to, read, and approved the manuscript for submission.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"418"}}