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All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Approval numbers: 20231115001 and 20230116001. Approval Date: 2023.12.22 and 2023.02.22) of the Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care-accredited facility, following the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care. Animal studies followed the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The funders had no role in the study design; collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; writing of the manuscript; or decision to publish the results. Yun Sil Chang, Se In Sung, Young Eun Kim, Sein Hwang, and Ara Koh declare potential conflicts of interest arising from an issued patent titled \u201cA composition for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis containing extracellular vesicles derived from thrombin-treated mesenchymal stem cells\u201d (10-2024-0051684) as co-inventors, not as patentees.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"101"}}