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Project Title: Cartilage tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles from manipulated MSCs. Protocol number: R2020-0258. Approval date: 21\/05\/2020.The access to human OA cartilage tissues was according to the guidelines of National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (NHG DSRB Ref: 2024\u20133392). Study title: Zonal chondrocytes for improved strategy of autologous chondrocyte implantation in cartilage repair. Approval date: 09\/10\/2024.The original source for hMSC (Lonza; as stated in their Certificate of Analysis) and 293T\/17 (ATCC, file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/dosyz\/Downloads\/CRL-11268%20Product%20Sheet%20-%20293T_17%20[HEK%20293T_17]%20 []. pdf) have confirmed that there was initial approval for collection of these human cell, and that the donors had signed informed consent. 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