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The study was defined in two phases: the establishment of the RC animal model (Title of the approved project: Radiation cystitis modeling in Sprague-Dawley rat for pre-clinical studies; Name of the institutional approval committee or unit: Research Ethics Committees of Laboratory Animals - Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Approval number: IR.TUMS.AEC.1403.169; Date of approval: 2024-11-27) and the investigation of the therapeutic impact of huMSC-EVs administration on RC, which included the use of human umbilical cord tissue for cell extraction, (Title of the approved project: The therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes in animal models of radiation cystitis; Name of the institutional approval committee or unit: Research Ethics Committees of Laboratory Animals - Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Approval number: IR.TUMS.AEC.1403.007; Date of approval: 2024-04-07). All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. For human umbilical cord tissue samples, the patients or their guardians\/legally authorized representatives provided written informed consent for the use of samples in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"387"}}