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The initial ethical approval and informed consent were obtained for Cyagen and Wanwu Shengwu. We granted institutional approval on March 24, 2025, by the ethics committee of Harbin Medical University (Title: Extracellular vesicles derived from engineered BMSCs improve damaged cartilage in mice with osteoarthritis by delivering PBX1; Approval Number: hrbmuecdc20250304). All the animal experiments were compliant with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have not used AI-generated work in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"354"}}