{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:59Z","timestamp":1791560999289,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"CUHK Direct Grant for Research","award":["2025.041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025.041"]}]},{"name":"InnoHK initiative of the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government","award":["ITC RC\/IHK\/4\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITC RC\/IHK\/4\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vf9tr09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stem Cell Res Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1784124328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for better tendon and tendon-to-bone junction regeneration: strategies and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haining","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline Po Yee","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2023.05","volume":"13","author":"F Bergamin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergamin F, Civera M, Reinoso MR, Burgio V, Ruiz OG, Surace C. Worldwide incidence and surgical costs of tendon injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2023;13:31\u201345.","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"5171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000165347.55638.23","volume":"15","author":"UM Kujala","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Cumulative incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in male former elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:133\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"5171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.08.035","volume":"93","author":"M Alqunaee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alqunaee M, Galvin R, Fahey T. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:229\u201336.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"5171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teunis T, Lubberts B, Reilly BT, Ring D. A systematic review and pooled analysis of the prevalence of rotator cuff disease with increasing age. J Should Elb Surg. 2014:23:1913\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.08.001"},{"key":"5171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-5-59","volume":"5","author":"P Lui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lui P, Zhang P, Chan K, Qin L. Biology and augmentation of tendon-bone insertion repair. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010;5:59.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001678","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2023-001678","volume":"10","author":"K Merry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Merry K, MacPherson MM, Blazey P, Fearon A, Hunt M, Morrissey D, et al. Current practice, guideline adherence, and barriers to implementation for Achilles tendinopathy rehabilitation: a survey of physical therapists and people with Achilles tendinopathy. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2024;10(1):e001678.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1800","volume":"46","author":"J Boudreault","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boudreault J, Desmeules F, Roy JS, Dionne C, Fr\u00e9mont P, Macdermid JC. The efficacy of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(4):294\u2013306.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5171_CR8","first-page":"49","volume":"4","author":"A Bittermann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bittermann A, Gao S, Rezvani S, Li J, Sikes KJ, Sandy J, et al. Oral ibuprofen interferes with cellular healing responses in a murine model of Achilles tendinopathy. J Musculoskelet Disord Treat. 2018;4(2):49.","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Disord Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1328-9","volume":"17","author":"C Spang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spang C, Chen J, Backman LJ. The tenocyte phenotype of human primary tendon cells in vitro is reduced by glucocorticoids. BMC Muscoskel Disord. 2016;17(1):467.","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskel Disord"},{"key":"5171_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33943-6_23","volume":"920","author":"BJ Dean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dean BJ, Carr AJ. The effects of glucocorticoid on tendon and tendon derived cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;920:239\u201346.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22681","volume":"32","author":"T Muto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muto T, Kokubu T, Mifune Y, Inui A, Harada Y, Yoshifumi, et al. Temporary inductions of matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3) expression and cell apoptosis are associated with tendon degeneration or rupture after corticosteroid injection. J Orthop Res. 2014;32(10):1297\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203146","volume":"73","author":"RC Poulsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poulsen RC, Watts AC, Murphy RJ, Snelling SJ, Carr AJ, Hulley PA. Glucocorticoids induce senescence in primary human tenocytes by inhibition of sirtuin 1 and activation of the p53\/p21 pathway: in vivo and in vitro evidence. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(7):1405\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5171_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1159\/000438538","volume":"37","author":"W Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen W, Tang H, Liu X, Zhou M, Zhang J, Tang K. Dickkopf1 up-regulation induced by a high concentration of dexamethasone promotes rat tendon stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(5):1738\u201349.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"5171_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22193","volume":"31","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang J, Keenan C, Wang JH. The effects of dexamethasone on human patellar tendon stem cells: implications for dexamethasone treatment of tendon injury. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(1):105\u201310.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"5171_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091957","volume":"48","author":"JD Rees","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rees JD, Stride M, Scott A. Tendons\u2013time to revisit inflammation. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(21):1553\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5171_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0555","volume":"22","author":"YF Rui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rui YF, Lui PP, Wong YM, Tan Q, Chan KM. Altered fate of tendon-derived stem cells isolated from a failed tendon-healing animal model of tendinopathy. Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22(7):1076\u201385.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"5171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1847","volume":"32","author":"S Asai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asai S, Otsuru S, Candela ME. Tendon progenitor cells in injured tendons have strong chondrogenic potential: the CD105-negative subpopulation induces chondrogenic degeneration. Stem Cells. 2014;32:3266\u201377.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0042","volume":"26","author":"W Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang W, Callan KT, Dragoo JL. The Behavior of Tendon Progenitor Cells from Tendinopathic Tendons: Implications for Treatment. Tissue Eng Part A. 2020;26(1\u20132):38.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"5171_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040762","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1040762","volume":"11","author":"D Quintero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quintero D, Perucca Orfei C, Kaplan LD, de Girolamo L, Best TM, Kouroupis D. The roles and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in tendinopathies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1040762.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"5171_CR20","first-page":"163","volume":"8","author":"PP Lui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lui PP. Stem cell technology for tendon regeneration: current status, challenges, and future research directions. Stem Cells Cloning. 2015;8:163\u201374.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning"},{"key":"5171_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221083324","volume":"50","author":"PS Randelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Randelli PS, Cucchi D, Fossati C, Boerci L, Nocerino E, Ambrogi F, et al. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair augmentation with autologous microfragmented lipoaspirate tissue Is safe and effectively improves short-term clinical and functional results: A prospective randomized controlled trial with 24-month follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:1344\u201357.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4479-9","volume":"26","author":"FG Usuelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Usuelli FG, Grassi M, Maccario C, Vigano\u2019 M, Lanfranchi L, Alfieri Montrasio U, et al. Intratendinous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection provides a safe, efficacious treatment for Achilles tendinopathy: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial at a 6-month follow-up, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26:2000\u201310.","journal-title":"Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081684","volume":"14","author":"PPY Lui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lui PPY, Leung YT. Practical considerations for translating mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles - From bench to bed. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1684.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"5171_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, He G, Guo Y, Tang H, Shi Y, Bian X et al. Exosomes from tendon stem cells promote injury tendon healing through balancing synthesis and degradation of the tendon extracellular matrix. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23:5475\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14430"},{"key":"5171_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03177","volume":"15","author":"A Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu A, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Wu R, Wang M, Li J, et al. Nitric oxide nanomotor driving exosomesl loaded microneedles for Achilles tendinopathy healing. ACS Nano. 2012;15:13339\u201350.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"5171_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S345517","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Gao R, Ye T, Feng K, Zhang J, Chen Y, et al. The therapeutic effect of iMSC-derived small extracellular vesicles on tendinopathy related pain through alleviating inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro study. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1421\u201336.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"5171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211020010","volume":"49","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Yu W, He Y. Adipose stem cell-derived exosomes Ameliorate chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy by regulating macrophage polarization: From a mouse model to a study in human tissue. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49:2321\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S254879","volume":"13","author":"Z Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao Z, Li J, Wang X, Peng S, Ning J, Qian Y, et al. MicroRNA-21-3p engineered umbilical cord stem cell-derived exosomes inhibit tendon adhesion. J Inflamm Res. 2020;13:303\u201316.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"5171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221145958","volume":"51","author":"F Jenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jenner F, Wagner A, Gerner I, Ludewig E, Trujanovic R, Rohde E, et al. Evaluation of the potential of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles to improve rotator cuff healing: A pilot ovine study. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51:331\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10023-8","volume":"17","author":"PPY Lui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lui PPY. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the promotion of tendon repair - An update of literature. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17:379\u201389.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"5171_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2988","volume":"37","author":"CS Chamberlain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chamberlain CS, Clements A, Kink JA, Choi U, Baer GS, Halanski MA, et al. Extracellular vesicle-educated macrophages promote early Achilles tendon healing. Stem Cells. 2019;37:652\u201362.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24406","volume":"38","author":"H Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen H, Yoneda S, Abu-Amer Y, Guilak F, Gelberman RH. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate the early inflammatory response after tendon injury and repair. J Orthop Res. 2020;38:117\u201327.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"5171_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229914","volume":"15","author":"C Gissi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gissi C, Radeghieri A, Antonetti Lamorgese Passeri C, Gallorini M, Calciano L, Oliva F, et al. Extracellular vesicles from rat-bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells improve tendon repair in rat Achilles tendon injury model in dose-dependent manner: A pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0229914.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5171_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01918-x","volume":"11","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Liu H, Cui Q, Han P, Yang S, Shi M, et al. Tendon stem cell-derived exosomes regulate inflammation and promote the high-quality healing of injured tendon. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:402.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1960-x","volume":"17","author":"Z Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi Z, Wang Q, Jiang D. Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells regulate inflammation and enhance tendon healing. J Transl Med. 2019;17:211.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"5171_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.01.051","volume":"106","author":"H Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu H, Cheng J, Shi W, Ren B, Zhao F, Shi Y, et al. Bone marrow mes-enchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote tendon regeneration by facilitating the proliferation and migration of endogenous tendon stem\/progenitor cells. Acta Biomater. 2020;106:328\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"5171_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02410-w","volume":"12","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang M, Shi M, Zhang T, Lu W, Yang S, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes promote tendon healing by activating both SMAD1\/5\/9 and SMAD2\/3. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:338.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02723-4","volume":"13","author":"K Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song K, Jiang T, Pan P, Yao Y, Jiang Q. Exosomes from tendon derived stem cells promote tendon repair through miR-144-3p-regulated tenocyte proliferation and migration. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13:80.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02005-x","volume":"11","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Y, He B, Wang L, Yuan B, Shu H, Zhang F, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote rotator cuff tendon-bone healing by promoting angiogenesis and regulating M1 macrophages in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:496.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e923328","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.923328","volume":"26","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi Y, Kang X, Wang Y, Bian X, He G, Zhou M, et al. Exosomes derived from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) enhance tendon-tone healing by regulating macrophage polarization. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e923328.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"5171_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2022.08.001","volume":"36","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang T, Yan S, Song Y, Chen C, Xu D, Lu B, et al. Exosomes secreted by hypoxia-stimulated bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote grafted tendon-bone tunnel healing in rat anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model. J Orthop Translat. 2022;36:152\u201363.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"5171_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221096490","volume":"50","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Han Z, Han K, Zhang H, Huang J, Huangfu X, et al. Loading mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes into a traditionally designed rotator cuff patch: A potential strategy to enhance the repair of chronic rotator cuff tear associated with degenerative changes. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:2234\u201346.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao X, Chen Y, Wang J, Xu J, Wan H, Li X et al. Mitochondria-rich extracellular vesicles from bone marrow stem cells mitigate muscle degeneration in rotator cuff tears in a rat model through macrophage m2 phenotype conversion. Arthroscopy. 2025;41:3487\u20133499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.03.033"},{"key":"5171_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520908847","volume":"48","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang C, Hu Q, Song W, Yu W, He Y. Adipose stem cell-derived exosomes decrease fatty infiltration and enhance rotator cuff healing in a rabbit model of chronic tears. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:1456\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00906-4","volume":"19","author":"Z Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao Z, Li J, Xiong H, Cui H, Ning J, Wang S, et al. MicroRNA engineered umbilical cord stem cell-derived exosomes direct tendon regeneration by mTOR signaling. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:169.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"5171_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2021026","volume":"54","author":"Q Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han Q, Wang S, Chen D, Gan D, Wang T. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce tendon injuries via the miR-27b-3p\/ARHGAP5\/RhoA signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2022;54:232\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"5171_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.004","volume":"172","author":"T Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang T, Wu Y, Li X, Zhang A, Liu H, Shi M, et al. Small extracellular vesicles derived from tendon stem cells promote the healing of injured Achilles tendons by regulating miR-145-3p. Acta Biomater. 2023;172:280\u201396.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"5171_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121242","volume":"279","author":"W Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng W, Jin Q, Ming-Yu Y, Yang H, Xu T, You-Xing S, et al. MiR-6924-5p-rich exosomes derived from genetically modified Scleraxis-overexpressing PDGFR\u03b1(+) BMMSCs as novel nanotherapeutics for treating osteolysis during tendon-bone healing and improving healing strength. Biomaterials. 2021;279:121242.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221108972","volume":"50","author":"T Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu T, Lin Y, Yu X, Jiang G, Wang J, Xu K, et al. Comparative effects of exosomes and ectosomes isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on achilles tendinopathy in a rat model. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:2740\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.12.057","volume":"536","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Jia J, Li S, Cui B, Huang J, Guo Z, et al. Exosomes derived from tendon stem cells promote cell proliferation and migration through the TGF \u03b2 signal pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021;536:88\u201394.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"5171_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02016-8","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Yao Z, Xiong H, Cui H, Wang X, Zheng W, et al. Extracellular vesicles from hydroxycamptothecin primed umbilical cord stem cells enhance anti-adhesion potential for treatment of tendon injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:500.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01501-9","volume":"8","author":"X Di","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, et al. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:282.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2024.07.009","volume":"48","author":"B Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu B, Zhang T, Chen H, Shi X, Guan C, Hu J, et al. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell preconditioned by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation promote bone-tendon interface fibrocartilage regeneration and ameliorate rotator cuff fatty infiltration. J Orthop Translat. 2024;48:89\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"5171_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100319","volume":"15","author":"XD Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu XD, Kang L, Tian J, Wu Y, Huang Y, Liu J, et al. Exosomes derived from magnetically actuated bone mesenchymal stem cells promote tendon-bone healing through the miR-21-5p\/SMAD7 pathway. Mater Today Bio. 2022;15:100319.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"5171_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-014-9828-0","volume":"51","author":"M Mar\u0119dziak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mar\u0119dziak M, Marycz K, Lewandowski D, Siudzi\u0144ska A, \u015amieszek A. Static magnetic field enhances synthesis and secretion of membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs) rich in VEGF and BMP-2 in equine adipose-derived stromal cells (EqASCs)-a new approach in veterinary regenerative medicine. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2015;51:230\u201340.","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"5171_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.09.006","volume":"13","author":"ME Bernardo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernardo ME, Fibbe WE. Mesenchymal stromal cells: sensors and switchers of inflammation. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;13:392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"5171_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23258","volume":"35","author":"E Aktas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aktas E, Chamberlain CS, Saether EE, Duenwald-Kuehl SE, Kondratko-Mittnacht J, Stitgen M, et al. Immune modulation with primed mesenchymal stem cells delivered via biodegradable scaffold to repair an Achilles tendon segmental defect. J Orthop Res. 2017;35:269\u201380.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"5171_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.698","volume":"29","author":"M Duijvestein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duijvestein M, Wildenberg ME, Welling MM, Hennink S, Molendijk I, van Zuylen VL, et al. Pretreatment with interferon-\u03b3 enhances the therapeutic activity of mesenchymal stromal cells in animal models of colitis. Stem Cells. 2011;29:1549\u201358.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120266","volume":"257","author":"A Gonzalez-Pujana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Pujana A, Vining KH, Zhang DKY, Santos-Vizcaino E, Igartua M, Hernandez RM, et al. Multifunctional biomimetic hydrogel systems to boost the immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cells. Biomaterials. 2020;257:120266.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.04.035","volume":"133","author":"L Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong L, Li L, Song Y, Fang Y, Liu J, Chen P, et al. MSC-derived immunomodulatory extracellular matrix functionalized electrospun fibers for mitigating foreign-body reaction and tendon adhesion. Acta Biomater. 2021;133:280\u201396.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"5171_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2730","volume":"36","author":"MT Harting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harting MT, Srivastava AK, Zhaorigetu S, Bair H, Prabhakara KS, Toledano Furman NE, et al. Inflammation-stimulated mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate inflammation. Stem Cells. 2018;36:79\u201390.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2564","volume":"35","author":"Y Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song Y, Dou H, Li X, Zhao X, Li Y, Liu D, et al. Exosomal miR-146a contributes to the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of interleukin-1\u03b2-primed mesenchymal stem cells against sepsis. Stem Cells. 2017;35:1208\u201321.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxad032","volume":"41","author":"H Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen H, Lane RA. Extracellular vesicles from primed adipose-derived stem cells enhance achilles tendon repair by reducing inflammation and promoting intrinsic healing. Stem Cells. 2023;41:617\u201327.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2408255","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408255","volume":"36","author":"W Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song W, Guo Y, Liu W, Yao Y, Zhang X, Cai Z, et al. Circadian rhythm-regulated ADSC-derived sEVs and a triphasic microneedle delivery system to enhance tendon-to-bone healing. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2408255.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"5171_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231155927","volume":"51","author":"J Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai J, Xu J, Ye Z, Wang L, Zheng T, Zhang T, et al. Exosomes derived from kartogenin-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells promote cartilage formation and collagen maturation for enthesis regeneration in a rat model of chronic rotator cuff tear. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51:1267\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073571","volume":"23","author":"PPY Lui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lui PPY, Zhang X, Yao S, Sun H, Huang C. Roles of oxidative stress in acute tendon injury and degenerative tendinopathy-A target for intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:3571.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5171_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3945195","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3945195","volume":"2022","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Su Z, Shen K, Wang Q, Xu C, Wang F, et al. Eugenol-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote antioxidant capacity of tendon stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:3945195.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"5171_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0642-6","volume":"13","author":"D Ti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ti D, Hao H, Tong C, Liu J, Dong L, Zheng J, et al. LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells modify macrophage polarization for resolution of chronic inflammation via exosome-shuttled let-7b. J Transl Med. 2015;13:308.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"5171_CR69","first-page":"5240","volume":"B5","author":"X Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong X, Chang J, Li H. Bioglass promotes wound healing through modulating the paracrine effects between macrophages and repairing cells. J Mater Chem. 2017;B5:5240\u201350.","journal-title":"J Mater Chem"},{"key":"5171_CR70","first-page":"823","volume":"6","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Z, He D, Li H. Bioglass enhances the production of exosomes and improves their capability of promoting vascularization. Bioact Mater. 2020;6:823\u201335.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"5171_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.121998","volume":"294","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu H, Zhu Y, Hsiao AW, Xu J, Tong W, Chang L, et al. Bioactive glass-elicited stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis to improve tendon regeneration and functional recovery. Biomaterials. 2023;294:121998.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07691-9","volume":"25","author":"Q An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An Q, Zhou Z, Xu C, Xiao Q. Exosomes derived from mir-337-3p over-expressing tendon stem cells protect against apoptosis of tenocytes via targeting caspase3. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25:561.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"5171_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-018-0114-3","volume":"60","author":"F Ferrantelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrantelli F, Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Anticoli S, Olivetta E, Arenaccio C, et al. DNA vectors generating engineered exosomes potential CTL vaccine candidates against AIDS, hepatitis B, and tumors. Mol Biotechnol. 2018;60:773\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5171_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b02689","volume":"19","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhou X, Wei M, Gao X, Xhao L, Shi R, et al. In vitro and in vivo RNA inhibition by CD9-HuR functionalized exosomes encapsulated with miRNA or CRISPR\/dCas9. Nano Lett. 2019;19:19\u201328.","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"5171_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121129","volume":"277","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng Q, Dai Z, Shi X, Duan X, Wang Y, Hou T, et al. Expanding the toolbox of exosome-based modulators of cell functions. Biomaterials. 2021;277:121129.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S196975","volume":"14","author":"N Duong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duong N, Curley K, Brown A, Campanelli A, Do MA, Levy D, et al. Decoy exosomes as a novel biologic reagent to antagonize inflammation. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:3413\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"5171_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12014","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR00362J","volume":"12","author":"N Curley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curley N, Levy D, Do MA, Brown A, Stickney Z, Marriott G, et al. Sequential deletion of CD63 identifies topologically distinct scaffolds for surface engineering of exosomes in living human cells. Nanoscale. 2020;12:12014\u201326.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"5171_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008737","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008737","volume":"7","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Meng Q, Yu Y, Sun J, et al. Engineered exosomes with ischemic myocardium-targeting peptide for targeted therapy in myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008737.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"5171_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2021.1929257","volume":"29","author":"Y Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Y, Li W, Mao L, Peng W, Long D, Li D, et al. Genetically engineered exosomes display RVG peptide and selectively enrich a neprilysin variant: a potential formulation for the treatment of alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Drug Target. 2021;29:1128\u201338.","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"5171_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02567-5","volume":"22","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhang E, Wan Y, Huang T, Wang Y, Jiang H. A quick and innovative pipeline for producing chondrocyte-homing peptide-modified extracellular vesicles by three-dimensional dynamic culture of hADSCs spheroids to modulate the fate of remaining ear chondrocytes in the M1 macrophage-infiltrated microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22:300.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"5171_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.07.032","volume":"360","author":"J Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui J, Zhang YJ, Li X, Luo JJ, Zhao LL, Xie XY, et al. Decellularized tendon scaffolds loaded with collagen targeted extracellular vesicles from tendon-derived stem cells facilitate tendon regeneration. J Control Release. 2023;360:842\u201357.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"5171_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56112-5","volume":"16","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen S, Lin Y, Yang H, Li Z, Li S, Chen D, et al. A CD26\u2009+\u2009tendon stem progenitor cell population contributes to tendon repair and heterotopic ossification. Nat Commun. 2025;16:749.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5171_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101790","volume":"32","author":"Y Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu Y, Huang J, Mai Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Lin H, et al. CBD-conjugated BMP-inhibiting exosomes on collagen scaffold dual-target Achilles tendon repair: Synergistic regeneration and heterotopic ossification prevention. Mater Today Bio. 2025;32:101790.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"5171_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241296141","volume":"52","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Qin JZ, Xie CY, Peng XZ, Wang JH, Wang SJ. Kartogenin-loaded exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance chondrogenesis and expedite tendon enthesis healing in a rat model of rotator cuff injury. Am J Sports Med. 2024;52:3520\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01405G","volume":"13","author":"R Pareja Tello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pareja Tello R, Lamparelli EP, Ciardulli MC, Hirvonen J, Barreto G, Mafulli N, et al. Hybrid lipid nanoparticles derived from human mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles by microfluidic sonication for collagen I mRNA delivery to human tendon progenitor stem cells. Biomater Sci. 2025;13:2066\u201381.","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"5171_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0130","volume":"18","author":"WY Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee WY, Lui PP, Rui YF. Hypoxia-mediated efficient expansion of human tendon-derived stem cells in vitro. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18:484\u201398.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"5171_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8822609","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8822609","volume":"2020","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen G, Zhang W, Zhang K, Wang S, Gao Y, Gu J, et al. Hypoxia-induced mesenchymal stem cells exhibit stronger tenogenic differentiation capacities and promote patellar tendon repair in rabbits. Stem Cells Int. 2020;2020:8822609.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"5171_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02713-x","volume":"16","author":"X Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo X, Lv H, Fan Z, Duan K, Liang J, Zou L, et al. Effects of hypoxia on Achilles tendon repair using adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded small intestinal submucosa. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16:570.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"5171_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03669-7","volume":"465","author":"FG Thankam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thankam FG, Chandra I, Diaz C, Dilisio MF, Fleegel J, Gross RM, et al. Matrix regeneration proteins in the hypoxia-triggered exosomes of shoulder tenocytes and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020;465:75\u201387.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"5171_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01151.x","volume":"14","author":"DJ Prockop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prockop DJ, Kota DJ, Bazhanov N, Reger RL. Enolving paradigms for repair of tissues by adult stem \/ progenitor cells (MSCs). J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14:2190\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"5171_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.211","volume":"20","author":"DJ Prochop","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prochop DJ, Oh JY. Mesenchymal stem \/ stromal cells (MSCs): Role as guardians of inflammation. Mol Ther. 2012;20:14\u201320.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"5171_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13724","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008117107","volume":"107","author":"TJ Bartosh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bartosh TJ, Ylostalo JH, Mohammadipoor A, Bazhanov N, Coble K, Claypool K, et al. Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their anti-inflammatory properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:13724\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5171_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0432","volume":"16","author":"JE Frith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frith JE, Thomson B, Genever PG. Dynamic three-dimensional culture methods enhance mesenchymal stem cell properties and increase therapeutic potential. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010;16:735\u201349.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"5171_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1191","volume":"30","author":"JH Ylostalo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ylostalo JH, Bartosh TJ, Coble K, Prockop DJ. Human mesenchymal stem \/ stromal cells cultured as spheroids are self-activated to produce prostaglandin E2 that directs stimulated macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Stem Cells. 2012;30:2283\u201396.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123145","volume":"11","author":"B Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han B, Fang W, Yang Z, Wang Y, Zhao S, Hoang BX, et al. Enhancement of chondrogenic markers by exosomes derived from cultured human synovial fluid-derived cells: A comparative analysis of 2D and 3D conditions. Biomedicines. 2023;11:3145.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"5171_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120742","volume":"271","author":"ES Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim ES, Kida K, Mok J, Seong Y, Jo SY, Kanaki T, et al. Cellhesion VP enhances the immunomodulating potential of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Biomaterials. 2021;271:120742.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13100","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800184200","volume":"283","author":"IA Potapova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Potapova IA, Brink PR, Cohen IS, Doronin SV. Culturing of human mesenchymal stem cells as three-dimensional aggregates induces functional expression of CXCR4 that regulates adhesion to endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:13100\u20137.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"5171_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0640","volume":"18","author":"SH Bhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhang SH, Lee S, Shin J, Lee T, Kim B. Transplantation of cord blood mesenchymal stem cells as spheroids enhances vascularization. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18:2138\u201347.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"5171_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.09.015","volume":"26","author":"RA Haraszti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haraszti RA, Miller R, Stoppato M, Sere YY, Coles A, Didiot MC, et al. Exosomes produced from 3D cultures of MSCs by tangential flow filtration show higher yield and improved activity. Mol Therm. 2018;26:2838\u201347.","journal-title":"Mol Therm"},{"key":"5171_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12235","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12235","volume":"11","author":"X Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan X, Sun L, Jeske R, Nkosi D, York SB, Liu Y, et al. Engineering extracellular vesicles by three-dimensional dynamic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Extracell Vesicles. 2022;11:e12235.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"5171_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2510","volume":"35","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, Mu\u00f1oz N, Tsai AC, Logan TM, Ma T. Metabolic reconfiguration supports reacquisition of primitive phenotype in human mesenchymal stem cell aggregates. Stem Cells. 2017;35:398\u2013410.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231214698","volume":"52","author":"SH Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen SH, Lee YW, Kao HK, Yang PC, Chen SH, Liu SW, et al. The transplantation of 3-dimensional spheroids of adipose-derived stem cells promotes achilles tendon healing in rabbits by enhancing the proliferation of tenocytes and suppressing M1 macrophages. Am J Sports Med. 2024;52:406\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5171_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120765","volume":"272","author":"TW Hsu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hsu TW, Lu YJ, Lin YJ, Huang YT, Hsieh LH, Wu BH, et al. Transplantation of 3D MSC\/HUVEC spheroids with neuroprotective and proangiogenic potentials ameliorates ischemic stroke brain injury. Biomaterials. 2011;272:120765.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604946","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.604946","volume":"8","author":"YJ Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin YJ, Lee YW, Chang CW, Huang CC. 3D spheroids of umbilical cord blood msc-derived schwann cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:604946.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"5171_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123088","volume":"317","author":"C Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu C, Li Z, Kang M, Chen Y, Sheng R, Aghaloo T, et al. Hydrogel-integrated exosome mimetics derived from osteogenically induced mesenchymal stem cells in spheroid culture enhance bone regeneration. Biomaterials. 2025;317:123088.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100549","volume":"19","author":"Z Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan Z, Yin H, Wu J, Tian G, Li M, Liao Z, et al. Engineering exosomes by three-dimensional porous scaffold culture of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promote osteochondral repair. Mater Today Bio. 2023;19:100549.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"5171_CR107","first-page":"199","volume":"4","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu H, Su J. Organoid extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic strategies for bone therapy. Biomater Transl. 2023;4:199\u2013212.","journal-title":"Biomater Transl"},{"key":"5171_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartosh TJ, Ylostalo JH. Preparation of anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem\/precursor cells (MSCs) through sphere formation using hanging-drop culture technique. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol. 2014;28:2B.6.1-2B.6.23.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470151808.sc02b06s28"},{"key":"5171_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01863","volume":"7","author":"J Ran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ran J, Fei Y, Wang C, Ruan D, Hu Y, Zheng Z, et al. An off-the-shelf tissue engineering cartilage composed of optimally sized pellets of cartilage progenitor \/ stem cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7:881\u201392.","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"5171_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34727","volume":"109","author":"L Labusca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Labusca L, Herea DD, Minuti AE, Stavila C, Danceanu C, Grigoras M, et al. Magnetic nanoparticle loaded human adipose derived mesenchymal cells spheroids in levitated culture. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2021;109(5):630\u201342.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"5171_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102747","volume":"10","author":"LC Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen LC, Wang HW, Huang CC. Modulation of inherent niches in 3D multicellular MSC spheroids reconfigures metabolism and enhances therapeutic potential. Cells. 2021;10:2747.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102327","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202102327","volume":"9","author":"L Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui L, Luo Y, Wang H, Chen Q, Zhou X, Guan Y, et al. Uniformly sized stem cell spheroids for treatment of hind limb ischemia: size effect. Adv Mater Interfaces. 2022;9:2102327.","journal-title":"Adv Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"5171_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2606","volume":"35","author":"KC Murphy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murphy KC, Whitehead J, Falahee PC, Zhou D, Simon SI, Leach JK. Multifactorial experimental design to optimize the anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. Stem Cells. 2017;35:1493\u2013504.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"5171_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.06.019","volume":"140","author":"TH Qazi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qazi TH, Mooney DJ, Duda GN, Geissler S. Biomaterials that promote cell-cell interactions enhance the paracrine function of MSCs. Biomaterials. 2017;140:103\u201314.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang W, Li S, Peng Y, Deng Z, Li Q, Tian R, et al. Three-dimensional cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles loaded alginate\/hyaluronic acid composite scaffold as an optimal therapy for cartilage defect regeneration. Biomed Mater. 2025;20(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/adb22e.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/adb22e"},{"key":"5171_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2023.102723","volume":"55","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Yuan Q, Yang M, Long X, Sun J, Yuan X, et al. Enhanced cartilage regeneration by icariin and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles combined in alginate-hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Nanomedicine. 2024;55:102723.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"5171_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2022.112646","volume":"133","author":"W Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu W, Li S, Guan X, Zhang N, Xie X, Zhang K, et al. Higher yield and enhanced therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from MSCs in hydrogel-assisted 3D culture system for bone regeneration. Biomater Adv. 2022;133:112646.","journal-title":"Biomater Adv"},{"key":"5171_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121238","volume":"280","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang H, Chen Y, Fan C, Liu R, Huang J, Zhang Y, et al. Cell-subpopulation alteration and FGF7 activation regulate the function of tendon stem\/progenitor cells in 3D microenvironment revealed by single-cell analysis. Biomaterials. 2022;280:121238.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.06.028","volume":"141","author":"N Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su N, Gao PL, Wang K, Wang JY, Zhong Y, Luo Y. Fibrous scaffolds potentiate the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells: A new dimension in cell-material interaction. Biomaterials. 2017;141:74\u201385.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"5171_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000778","volume":"40","author":"R Olivares-Navarrete","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olivares-Navarrete R, Hyzy SL, Slosar PJ, Schneider JM, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:399\u2013404.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"5171_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.044","volume":"126","author":"AJ Engler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 2006;126:677\u201389.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"5171_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhou D, Nie Z, Lu L, Lin Z, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Long X, Fan S, Xu T. A scalable coaxial bioprinting technology for mesenchymal stem cell microfiber fabrication and high extracellular vesicle yield. Biofabrication. 2021;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac3b90.","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac3b90"},{"key":"5171_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao W, Liang T, He R, Ren J, Yao H, Wang K et al. Exosomes from 3D culture of marrow stem cells enhances endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis via activation of the HMGB1\/AKT pathway. Stem Cell Res. 2020;50:102122. Erratum in: Stem Cell Res. 2021;54:102423.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2021.102423"},{"key":"5171_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101606","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101606","volume":"11","author":"H Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang H, Bae YH, Kwon Y, Kim S, Park J. Extracellular vesicles generated using bioreactors and their therapeutic effect on the acute kidney injury model. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022;11:e2101606.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"5171_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51778-6","volume":"9","author":"M Harmati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harmati M, Gyukity-Sebestyen E, Dobra G, Janovak L, Dekany I, Saydam O, et al. Small extracellular vesicles convey the stress-induced adaptive responses of melanoma cells. Sci Rep. 2019;9:15329.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5171_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Jong OG, Verhaar MC, Chen Y, Vader P, Gremmels H, Posthuma G, et al. Cellular stress conditions are reflected in the protein and RNA content of endothelial cell-derived exosome. J Extracell Vesicles. 2012;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/jev.v1i0.18396.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v1i0.18396"},{"key":"5171_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157939","volume":"22","author":"BC Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim BC, Kwack KH, Chun J, Lee JH. Comparative transcriptome analysis of human adipose-derived stem cells undergoing osteogenesis in 2D and 3D culture conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;22:7939.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5171_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-019-09504-5","volume":"36","author":"L Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan L, Wu X. Exosomes produced from 3D cultures of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in a hollow-fiber bioreactor show improved osteochondral regeneration activity. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2019;36:165\u201378.","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"5171_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobin J, Muradia G, Mehic J, Westwood C, Couvrette L, Stalker A et al. Hollow-fiber bioreactor production of extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells yields nanovesicles that mirrors the immuno-modulatory antigenic signature of the producer cell. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:127.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02190-3"},{"key":"5171_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2025.2475099","volume":"53","author":"M Clerici","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clerici M, Ciardulli MC, Lamparelli EP, Lovecchio J, Giordano E, Dale TP, et al. Human tendon stem\/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicle production promoted by dynamic culture. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2025;53:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"5171_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15916-9.00006-1","volume-title":"Tendon Regeneration: Understanding Tissue Physiology and Development to Engineer Functional Substitutes","author":"PPY Lui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lui PPY. Translation of new tendinopathy therapies: are we there yet? In: Gomes ME, Reis RL, Rodrigues MT, Gon\u00e7alves AI, Zeugolis D, Docheva D, editors. Tendon Regeneration: Understanding Tissue Physiology and Development to Engineer Functional Substitutes. Volume 15, 2nd ed. United States: Academic; 2025. pp. 479\u2013511.","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Stem Cell Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:02:07Z","timestamp":1791558127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-026-05171-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-6512"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-6512","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine with funding provided by the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region partially supported this study (Ref no. ITC RC\/IHK\/4\/7). It was not involved in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"363"}}