{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:51:10Z","timestamp":1794376270612,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of several comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, heart failure and chronic kidney or liver disease, with acute kidney injury (AKI) is well established. Evidence on the effect of sex and socioeconomic factors are scarce. This study was designed to examine the association of sex and socioeconomic factors with AKI and AKI-related mortality and further to evaluate the additional relationship with other possible risk factors for AKI occurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 3534 patients (1878 males with mean age 61.1 \u00b1 17.7 and 1656 females 1656 with mean age 60.3 \u00b1 20.0 years) admitted to Queen Elizabeth or Heartlands Hospitals, Birmingham, between October 2013 and January 2016. Patients were prospectively followed-up for a median 47.70 [IQR, 18.20] months. Study-endpoints were incidence of AKI, based on KDIGO-AKI Guidelines, and all-cause mortality. Data acquisition was automated, and information on mortality was collected from the Hospital Episode Statistics and Office of National Statistics. Socioeconomic status was evaluated with the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence of AKI was higher in men compared to women (11.3% vs 7.1%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Model regression analysis revealed significant association of male sex with higher AKI risk (OR, 1.659; 95% CI, 1.311\u20132.099;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001); this association remained significant after adjustment for age, eGFR, IMD, smoking, alcohol consumption, ethnicity, existing comorbidities and treatment (OR, 1.599; 95% CI, 1.215\u20132.103;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.001). All-cause mortality was higher in patients with compared to those without AKI. Males with AKI had higher mortality rates in the first 6-month and 1-year periods after the index AKI event. The association of male sex with mortality was independent of socioeconomic factors but was not statistically significant after adjustment for existing comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men are at higher risk of AKI and this association is independent from existing risk factors for AKI. The association between male sex and AKI-related mortality was not independent from existing comorbidities. A better understanding of factors associated with AKI may help accurately identify high-risk patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T18:03:54Z","timestamp":1617905034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Acute kidney injury is more common in men than women after accounting for socioeconomic status, ethnicity, alcohol intake and smoking history"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6387-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos","family":"Loutradis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Pickup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Townend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pantelis","family":"Sarafidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selby NM, Crowley L, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW, Monaghan J, Lawson N, et al. Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(4):533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.08970911.","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08970911"},{"issue":"3","key":"373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2796-5","volume":"39","author":"S Nisula","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nisula S, Kaukonen KM, Vaara ST, et al. Incidence, risk factors and 90-day mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNAKI study. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(3):420\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2796-5.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","volume":"2","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gfaa333","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa333","volume":"1","author":"L Pickup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pickup L, Loutradis C, Law JP, et al. The effect of admission and pre-admission serum creatinine as baseline to assess incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in acute medical admissions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;1:gfaa333.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090740","volume":"16","author":"GM Chertow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, Bonventre JV, Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(11):3365\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2004090740.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"373_CR6","volume-title":"Acute kidney injury (AKI) in England","author":"UK Renal Registry","year":"2020","unstructured":"UK Renal Registry. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in England. 2020, https:\/\/renal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/AKI_report_FINAL.pdf, (accessed 17\/7\/2020)"},{"issue":"5","key":"373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.379","volume":"81","author":"SG Coca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012;81(5):442\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.379.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.184","volume":"14","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Prowle JR. Paradigms of acute kidney injury in the intensive care setting. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(4):217\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2017.184.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110041","volume":"2","author":"DP Basile","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(2):1303\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c110041.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.9.1165","volume":"99","author":"P Jousilahti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Puska P. Sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease: a prospective follow-up study of 14 786 middle-aged men and women in Finland. Circulation. 1999;99(9):1165\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.99.9.1165.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209815","volume":"72","author":"X Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng X, Liu J, Tao S, Hong HG, Li Y, Fu P. Associations between socioeconomic status and chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018;72(4):270\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2017-209815.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"373_CR12","first-page":"219","volume":"38","author":"MR Piano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piano MR. Alcohol\u2019s effects on the cardiovascular system. Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):219\u201341.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rojewski AM, Baldassarri S, Cooperman NA, Gritz ER, Leone FT, Piper ME, et al. Exploring issues of comorbid conditions in people who smoke. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(8):1684\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntw016.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw016"},{"key":"373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee H, Shin SH, Gu S, Zhao D, Kang D, Joi YR, et al. Racial differences in comorbidity profile among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1159-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1159-7"},{"key":"373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S79077","volume":"11","author":"RA Pleasants","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pleasants RA, Riley IL, Mannino DM. Defining and targeting health disparities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:2475\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-3-352","volume":"100","author":"RD Moore","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moore RD, Smith CR, Lipsky JJ, Mellits ED, Lietman PS. Risk factors for nephrotoxicity in patients treated with aminoglycosides. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(3):352\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-100-3-352.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(7):1393\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.06.068.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.06.068"},{"issue":"19","key":"373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9774","volume":"173","author":"GM McMahon","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMahon GM, Zeng X, Waikar SS. A risk prediction score for kidney failure or mortality in rhabdomyolysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(19):1821\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9774.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5414\/CN108927","volume":"86","author":"J Neugarten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neugarten J, Golestaneh L. The effect of gender on aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Nephrol. 2016;86(10):183\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/CN108927.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correa A, Patel A, Chauhan K, Shah H, Saha A, Dave M, et al. National trends and outcomes in dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury in heart failure: 2002-2013. J Card Fail. 2018;24(7):442\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.05.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv051","volume":"22","author":"RM Cronin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cronin RM, VanHouten JP, Siew ED, et al. National Veterans Health Administration inpatient risk stratification models for hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2015;22(5):1054\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocv051.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.52964\/AMJA.0825","volume":"19","author":"B Riley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riley B, Packer M, Gallier S, Sapey E, Atkin C. Acute, non-COVID related medical admissions during the first wave of COVID-19: a retrospective comparison of changing patterns of disease. Acute Med. 2020;19(4):176\u201382.","journal-title":"Acute Med"},{"key":"373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnold JJ, Hayer M, Sharif A, Begaj I, Tabriez M, Bagnall D, et al. Acute Care QUAliTy in chronic Kidney disease (ACQUATIK): a prospective cohort study exploring outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e006987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006987.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006987"},{"issue":"5","key":"373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h715","volume":"350","author":"E Day","year":"2015","unstructured":"Day E, Copello A, Hull M. Assessment and management of alcohol use disorders. BMJ. 2015;350:h715.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"373_CR26","volume-title":"English indices of deprivation","author":"London:GOV.UK","year":"2015","unstructured":"London:GOV.UK. English indices of deprivation. 2015, http:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015, (accessed 17\/7\/2020)"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","volume":"2","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0236-8","volume":"10","author":"AL Beale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beale AL, Kaye DM, Marques FZ. The role of the gut microbiome in sex differences in arterial pressure. Biol Sex Differ. 2019;10(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-019-0236-8.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0246-6","volume":"10","author":"JL Faulkner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faulkner JL, Belin de Chantemele EJ. Sex hormones, aging and cardiometabolic syndrome. Biol Sex Differ. 2019;10(1):30.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-2-1","volume":"2","author":"R Voskuhl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Voskuhl R. Sex differences in autoimmune diseases. Biol Sex Differ. 2011;2(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2042-6410-2-1.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0023-0","volume":"6","author":"EH Morrow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morrow EH. The evolution of sex differences in disease. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:5.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-010-0170-4","volume":"7","author":"A Oksuzyan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oksuzyan A, Br\u00f8nnum-Hansen H, Jeune B. Gender gap in health expectancy. Eur J Ageing. 2010;7(4):213\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-010-0170-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00354.2011","volume":"303","author":"MP Hutchens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutchens MP, Fujiyoshi T, Komers R, Herson PS, Anderson S. Estrogen protects renal endothelial barrier function from ischemia-reperfusion in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2012;303(3):F377\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00354.2011.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1387","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00503.2009","volume":"299","author":"F Rodriguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez F, Nieto-Ceron S, Fenoy FJ, et al. Sex differences in nitrosative stress during renal ischemia. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys. 2010;299(5):R1387\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00503.2009.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys"},{"key":"373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Kobuchi S, Sugiura T, Yamagata M, Ohkita M, et al. Protective effect of 17beta-estradiol on ischemic acute kidney injury through the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;683(1-3):270\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.02.044.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.02.044"},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2002.kid590.x","volume":"62","author":"V Muller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muller V, Losonczy G, Heemann U, et al. Sexual dimorphism in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: possible role of endothelin. Kidney Int. 2002;62(4):1364\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2002.kid590.x.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.08.030","volume":"96","author":"I Mimura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mimura I. Are women more susceptible to renal dysfunction than men? Kidney Int. 2019;96(6):1275\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2019.08.030.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grams ME, Sang Y, Ballew SH, Gansevoort RT, Kimm H, Kovesdy CP, et al. A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, age, race, and sex with acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(4):591\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.02.337.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.02.337"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1122-z","volume":"19","author":"J Neugarten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neugarten J, Golestaneh L. Female sex reduces the risk of hospital-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-018-1122-z.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-0937-y","volume":"19","author":"J Neugarten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neugarten J, Golestaneh L, Kolhe NV. Sex differences in acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-018-0937-y.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07650713","volume":"9","author":"ME Grams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grams ME, Waikar SS, MacMahon B, Whelton S, Ballew SH, Coresh J. Performance and limitations of administrative data in the identification of AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(4):682\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07650713.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.117","volume":"8","author":"RE Patzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patzer RE, McClellan WM. Influence of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status on kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8(9):533\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2012.117.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0566-x","volume":"18","author":"A Jain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain A, McDonald HI, Nitsch D, Tomlinson L, Thomas SL. Risk factors for developing acute kidney injury in older people with diabetes and community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based UK cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-017-0566-x.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy180","volume":"111","author":"D Phillips","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phillips D, Holmes J, Davies R, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. The influence of socioeconomic status on presentation and outcome of acute kidney injury. QJM. 2018;111(12):849\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy180.","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holmes J, Phillips D, Donovan K, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO, et al. Acute kidney injury, age, and socioeconomic deprivation: evaluation of a national data set. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(6):824\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.03.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.03.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz113","volume":"13","author":"HO Hounkpatin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hounkpatin HO, Fraser SDS, Johnson MJ, Harris S, Uniacke M, Roderick PJ. The association of socioeconomic status with incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(2):245\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfz113.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR47","first-page":"7","volume":"38","author":"E Delker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delker E, Brown Q, Hasin DS. Alcohol consumption in demographic subpopulations: an epidemiologic overview. Alcohol Res. 2016;38(1):7\u201315.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b480","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b480","volume":"338","author":"L Gruer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gruer L, Hart CL, Gordon DS, Watt GC. Effect of tobacco smoking on survival of men and women by social position: a 28 year cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b480.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"373_CR49","first-page":"199","volume":"37","author":"SM Simet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simet SM, Sisson JH. Alcohol's effects on lung health and immunity. Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"373_CR50","first-page":"283","volume":"38","author":"ZV Varga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varga ZV, Matyas C, Paloczi J, Pacher P. Alcohol misuse and kidney injury: epidemiological evidence and potential mechanisms. Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):283\u20138.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030275","volume":"25","author":"S Demirjian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Demirjian S. Race, class, and AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(8):1615\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2014030275.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grams ME, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Estrella MM, Foster MC, Tin A, et al. Explaining the racial difference in AKI incidence. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(8):1834\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2013080867.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080867"},{"issue":"1","key":"373_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz049","volume":"13","author":"J Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold J, Sims D, Gill P, Cockwell P, Ferro C. Acute kidney injury calculated using admission serum creatinine underestimates 30-day and 1-year mortality after acute stroke. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(1):46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfz049.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas ME, Blaine C, Dawnay A, Devonald MAJ, Ftouh S, Laing C, et al. The definition of acute kidney injury and its use in practice. Kidney Int. 2015;87(1):62\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2014.328.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.328"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1671828559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsd.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00373-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors consent for the publication of this study after reviewing the final version of the manuscript. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors consent"}},{"value":"The ACQUATIK study was approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee West Midlands-South Birmingham Reference 13\/WM\/0317. All participants signed an informed consent document.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}