{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T01:41:14Z","timestamp":1787190074598,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the establishment and application of big data platform for clinical and scientific research management of hypertension in Jiangxi province","award":["20172BCB22027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20172BCB22027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous studies on the relationship between the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are limited. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between VAI and PAD in normal-weight patients with hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 6615 normal-weight patients with hypertension were included in the current study. The VAI, a simple index calculated using blood lipid and waist circumference (WC), can be used as a simple biomarker of body fat distribution. The outcome was PAD, which was defined as present when each side\u2019s ankle\u2013brachial index (ABI) was\u2009\u2264\u20090.90.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A significant positive association was observed between VAI and PAD prevalence. For per unit increment in LnVAI, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of PAD for the total participants and males were 1.55 (95% CI 1.15\u20132.10) and 2.12 (95% CI 1.46\u20133.07), respectively. However, the VAI was not associated with PAD in female patients with hypertension (OR 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85\u20131.95). There was no interaction between sex and VAI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction\u2009=\u20090.128). Accordingly, in total participants, when VAI was assessed in quartiles and compared with quartile 1 (&lt;\u20090.84), the PAD prevalence was higher than that of quartiles 2 (0.84 to\u2009&lt;\u20091.36: OR 1.49; 95% CI 0.92\u20132.44), 3 (1.36 to\u2009&lt;\u20092.25: OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.14\u20133.32), and 4 (\u2265\u20092.25: OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.04\u20133.57). There were no significant interactions with the other confounders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study showed a positive association between VAI and PAD in normal-weight adults with hypertension among men but not among women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T12:06:56Z","timestamp":1652357216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Visceral adiposity index and sex differences in relation to peripheral artery disease in normal-weight adults with hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"432_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5208","DOI":"10.1136\/Bmj.E5208","volume":"345","author":"G Peach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peach G, Griffin M, Jones KG, et al. Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2012;345:E5208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/Bmj.E5208.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9901","key":"432_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","volume":"382","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9901):1329\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12474","volume":"9","author":"SL Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang SL, Zhu LY, Han R, et al. Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes. 2017;9(2):133\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12474.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"432_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E71","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jacc.2016.11.007","volume":"69","author":"MD Gerhard-Herman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 Aha\/Acc guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College Of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force On Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(11):E71\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Jacc.2016.11.007.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"432_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Atherosclerosis.2018.09.031","volume":"279","author":"Ch Saely","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saely Ch, Schindewolf M, Zanolin D, et al. Single and combined effects of peripheral artery disease and of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the risk of cardiovascular events: a prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;279:32\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Atherosclerosis.2018.09.031.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/Eurheartj\/Ehx095","volume":"39","author":"V Aboyans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink M, et al. 2017 Esc Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in Collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (Esvs): Document Covering Atherosclerotic Disease of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral, Mesenteric, Renal, , Upper And Lower Extremity Arteriesendorsed By: The European Stroke Organization (Eso)The Task Force For The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Peripheral Arterial Diseases Of The European Society Of Cardiology (Esc) And Of The European Society For Vascular Surgery (Esvs). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/Eurheartj\/Ehx095.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Gheart.2013.12.008","volume":"9","author":"UK Sampson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sampson UK, Fowkes FG, Mcdermott MM, et al. Global and regional burden of death and disability from peripheral artery disease: 21 world regions, 1990 to 2010. Glob Heart. 2014;9(1):145\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Gheart.2013.12.008.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1067\/Mhj.2002.122871","volume":"143","author":"JM Murabito","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the framingham offspring study. Am Heart J. 2002;143(6):961\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/Mhj.2002.122871.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00204-1","volume":"172","author":"C Diehm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diehm C, Schuster A, Allenberg JR, et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2004;172(1):95\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00204-1.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Atherosclerosis.2011.02.032","volume":"216","author":"MR Skilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skilton MR, Chin-Dusting JP, Dart AM, et al. Metabolic health, obesity and 9-year incidence of peripheral arterial disease: the DESIR study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;216(2):471\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Atherosclerosis.2011.02.032.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/Aje\/Kwr228","volume":"174","author":"Jh Ix","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ix Jh, Ml B, Kizer JR, et al. Association of body mass index with peripheral arterial disease in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(9):1036\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/Aje\/Kwr228.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Amjcard.2010.12.050","volume":"107","author":"GH Tison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tison GH, Ndumele CE, Gerstenblith G, et al. Usefulness of baseline obesity to predict development of a high ankle brachial index (from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(9):1386\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Amjcard.2010.12.050.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-020-08630-8","volume":"20","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Q, Lin W, Liu C, et al. Prevalence and epidemiological determinants of metabolically obese but normal-weight in Chinese population. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-020-08630-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"432_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1055\/S-0035-1559767","volume":"47","author":"B Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang B, Zhuang R, Luo X, et al. Prevalence of metabolically healthy obese and metabolically obese but normal weight in adults worldwide: a meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47(11):839\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-0035-1559767.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422412000054","volume":"25","author":"EL Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas EL, Frost G, Taylor-Robinson SD, et al. Excess body fat in obese and normal-weight subjects. Nutr Res Rev. 2012;25(1):150\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422412000054.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"432_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/730827","volume":"2014","author":"A Mc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mc A, Visceral GC, Index A. An indicator of adipose tissue dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014: 730827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/730827.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/Jpm11060533","author":"CH Wung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wung CH, Lee MY, Wu PY, et al. Obesity-related indices are associated with peripheral artery occlusive disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pers Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/Jpm11060533.","journal-title":"J Pers Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/Jch.14102","volume":"23","author":"Y Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Y, Hu L, Li M, et al. The ankle-brachial index and risk of incident stroke in Chinese hypertensive population without atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(1):114\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/Jch.14102.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/S12933-020-01124-2","volume":"19","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li M, Zhan A, Huang X, et al. Positive association between triglyceride glucose index and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients: the China H-type hypertension registry study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12933-020-01124-2.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"432_CR20","unstructured":"Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000; 894: I\u2013Xii, 1\u2013253."},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"L As","year":"2009","unstructured":"As L, La S, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/Dc09-1825","volume":"33","author":"MC Amato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, et al. Visceral adiposity index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):920\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/Dc09-1825.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"24","key":"432_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1161\/Cir.0b013e318276fbcb","volume":"126","author":"V Aboyans","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aboyans V, Criqui Mh, Abraham P, et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126(24):2890\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/Cir.0b013e318276fbcb.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1291\/Hypres.30.555","volume":"30","author":"CR Pan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pan CR, Staessen JA, Li Y, et al. Comparison of three measures of the ankle-brachial blood pressure index in a general population. Hypertens Res. 2007;30(6):555\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1291\/Hypres.30.555.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2105\/Ajph.79.3.340","volume":"79","author":"GS Modeling","year":"1989","unstructured":"Modeling GS. Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health. 1989;79(3):340\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/Ajph.79.3.340.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.3305\/Nh.2015.32.6.9543","volume":"32","author":"M Numan Ahmad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Numan Ahmad M, Halim HF. Suitability of visceral adiposity index as a marker for cardiometabolic risks in Jordanian adults. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32(6):2701\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3305\/Nh.2015.32.6.9543.","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3052","DOI":"10.1002\/Dmrr.3052","volume":"34","author":"T Derezi\u0144ski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Derezi\u0144ski T, Zozuli\u0144ska-Zi\u00f3\u0142kiewicz D, Uruska A, et al. Visceral adiposity index as a useful tool for the assessment of cardiometabolic disease risk in women aged 65 To 74. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(8):E3052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/Dmrr.3052.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E104365","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0104365","volume":"9","author":"F Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang F, Wang G, Wang Z, et al. Visceral adiposity index may be a surrogate marker for the assessment of the effects of obesity on arterial stiffness. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):E104365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0104365.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-143","volume":"6","author":"L Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han L, Fu KL, Zhao J, et al. Visceral adiposity index score indicated the severity of coronary heart disease in Chinese adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014;6(1):143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1758-5996-6-143.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/Mbp.0000000000000469","volume":"25","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Li H, Han L, et al. Association between visceral adiposity index and hypertension among Chinese adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Blood Press Monit. 2020;25(5):271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/Mbp.0000000000000469.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"432_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/S12933-014-0136-5","volume":"13","author":"C Hy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hy C, Yl C, Yf C, et al. Visceral adiposity index and risks of cardiovascular events and mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12933-014-0136-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"10","key":"432_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Numecd.2017.06.015","volume":"27","author":"GM Kouli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kouli GM, Panagiotakos DB, Kyrou I, et al. Visceral adiposity index and 10-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the attica study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(10):881\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Numecd.2017.06.015.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"432_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Numecd.2020.03.019","volume":"30","author":"B Zierfuss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zierfuss B, H\u00f6baus C, Herz CT, et al. Predictive power of novel and established obesity indices for outcome in pad during a five-year follow-up. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(7):1179\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Numecd.2020.03.019.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1038\/Oby.2008.331","volume":"16","author":"F Nagajyothi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nagajyothi F, Desruisseaux MS, Thiruvur N, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi infection of cultured adipocytes results in an inflammatory phenotype. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(9):1992\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/Oby.2008.331.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR35","first-page":"4","volume":"17","author":"JP Bastard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006;17(1):4\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1161\/01.Atv.0000172626.00296.Ba","volume":"25","author":"G Ca","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ca G, Lund Dd, Ak M, et al. Mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated vascular dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(8):1617\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.Atv.0000172626.00296.Ba.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1210\/Er.2005-0007","volume":"27","author":"J Nigro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nigro J, Osman N, Dart AM, et al. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(3):242\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/Er.2005-0007.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Mco.0000172574.64019.98","volume":"8","author":"B Mittendorfer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mittendorfer B. Insulin resistance: sex matters. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8(4):367\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.Mco.0000172574.64019.98.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-004-1614-1","volume":"48","author":"J Kuhl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuhl J, Hilding A, Ostenson CG, et al. Characterisation of subjects with early abnormalities of glucose tolerance in the stockholm diabetes prevention programme: the impact of sex and type 2 diabetes heredity. Diabetologia. 2005;48(1):35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00125-004-1614-1.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"432_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1161\/Circresaha.115.306883","volume":"118","author":"O Fb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fb O, CJ L, Sn B. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1752\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/Circresaha.115.306883.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"432_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"K1274","DOI":"10.1136\/Bmj.K1274","volume":"360","author":"P Adab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adab P, Pallan M, Whincup Ph. Is BMI the best measure of obesity. BMJ. 2018;360:K1274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/Bmj.K1274.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"432_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/Obr.12440","volume":"17","author":"AS Antonopoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou EK, Antoniades C, et al. From the BMI paradox to the obesity paradox: the obesity-mortality association in coronary heart disease. Obes Rev. 2016;17(10):989\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/Obr.12440.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"432_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.2337\/Dcs13-2023","volume":"36","author":"V Hainer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hainer V, Aldhoon-Hainerov\u00e1 I. Obesity paradox does exist. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:S276-281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/Dcs13-2023.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-13","volume":"3","author":"K Karastergiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, et al. Sex differences in human adipose tissues - the biology of pear shape. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2042-6410-3-13.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90168-X","volume":"44","author":"OL Svendsen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Svendsen OL, Hassager C, Christiansen C. Age- and menopause-associated variations in body composition and fat distribution in healthy women as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Metabolism. 1995;44(3):369\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90168-X.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/Ijo.2008.25","volume":"32","author":"JC Lovejoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, De Jonge L, et al. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(6):949\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/Ijo.2008.25.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/Sj.Ijo.0801118","volume":"24","author":"MJ Toth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK, et al. Effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(2):226\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/Sj.Ijo.0801118.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T12:25:13Z","timestamp":1652358313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsd.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00432-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were following the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}