{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:58:10Z","timestamp":1792547890245,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adipose insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) is associated with multiple metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The study aimed to evaluate sex differences in the association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD, and further investigated other potential modifiers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled adults without diabetes who underwent physical examinations in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital. We calculated the Adipo-IR index as the product of the fasting insulin and free fatty acid concentration. We categorized Adipo-IR into four groups according to quartiles, using the first interquartile range (Q1) as the reference. Logistic regression was used stratified by the modifiers after adjustment for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 5586 participants in the study, 49.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092781) of whom were women and 30.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091698) with NAFLD. There was a graded positive association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD, with sex (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and hyperlipidemia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) modifying this association. In the hyperlipidemic women, for one unit increase in log-Adipo-IR, the odds of having NAFLD increased by 385% after adjustment for potential confounders (OR\u2009=\u20094.85, 95%CI 3.54\u20136.73, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, it turned out that the odds of having NAFLD increased by 131% (OR\u2009=\u20092.31, 95%CI 1.74\u20133.11, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 216% (OR\u2009=\u20093.16, 95%CI 2.56\u20133.93, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 181% (OR\u2009=\u20092.81, 95%CI 1.88\u20134.28, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in normolipidemic men, hyperlipidemic men, and normolipidemic women, respectively. Similarly, the ORs for the association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD in women with age\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0years were higher than ORs in women with age\u2009&lt;\u200950\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The positive correlation between Adipo-IR and NAFLD was stronger in hyperlipidemic women, compared with normolipidemic or hyperlipidemic men, or normolipidemic women. The association also strengthened for women over 50\u00a0years. Treatment strategies targeting Adipo-IR to alleviate NAFLD may be of value, especially in hyperlipidemic women after menopause.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T07:42:14Z","timestamp":1696837334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex differences in the association between adipose insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"549_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328042ba90","volume":"10","author":"J Delarue","year":"2007","unstructured":"Delarue J, Magnan C. Free fatty acids and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(2):142\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328042ba90.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23116","volume":"50","author":"A Gastaldelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Harrison SA, Belfort-Aguilar R, et al. Importance of changes in adipose tissue insulin resistance to histological response during thiazolidinedione treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1087\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.23116.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"549_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00f8ndergaard E, Espinosa De Ycaza AE, Morgan-Bathke M, Jensen MD. How to Measure Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(4):1193\u20131199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-00047","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00047"},{"issue":"8","key":"549_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.110","volume":"41","author":"KW Ter Horst","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ter Horst KW, van Galen KA, Gilijamse PW, et al. Methods for quantifying adipose tissue insulin resistance in overweight\/obese humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(8):1288\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2017.110.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.021","volume":"135","author":"A Kotronen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kotronen A, Juurinen L, Tiikkainen M, Vehkavaara S, Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H. Increased liver fat, impaired insulin clearance, and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(1):122\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.021.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1167","volume":"66","author":"A Gastaldelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Gaggini M, DeFronzo R. Role of adipose tissue insulin resistance in the natural history of type 2 diabetes: results from the San Antonio metabolism study. Diabetes. 2017;66(4):815\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-1167.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"549_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1178","volume":"42","author":"J Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim J, Bacha F, Tfayli H, Michaliszyn S, Yousuf S, Arslanian S. Adipose tissue insulin resistance in youth on the spectrum from normal weight to obese and from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(2):265\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-1178.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"549_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-00987-0","volume":"45","author":"N Sasaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sasaki N, Maeda R, Ozono R, Yoshimura K, Nakano Y, Higashi Y. Adipose tissue insulin resistance predicts the incidence of hypertension: the Hiroshima Study on Glucose Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(11):1763\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-022-00987-0.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"549_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835154","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.835154","volume":"13","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Chang X, Bian N, et al. Adipose tissue insulin resistance is positively associated with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in northern Chinese adults. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:835154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.835154.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"549_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9085474","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9085474","volume":"2016","author":"E Jorge-Galarza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jorge-Galarza E, Posadas-Romero C, Torres-Tamayo M, et al. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue but not in liver is associated with aortic valve calcification. Dis Markers. 2016;2016:9085474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9085474.","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"5","key":"549_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0949-2","volume":"42","author":"L Mu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mu L, Li R, Lai Y, Zhao Y, Qiao J. Adipose insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42(5):541\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-018-0949-2.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"549_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac660","author":"S Kalavalapalli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalavalapalli S, Leiva EG, Lomonaco R, et al. Adipose tissue insulin resistance predicts the severity of liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac660.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"549_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12272","volume":"16","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Hazlehurst JM, Hull D, et al. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipolysis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(7):651\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12272.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"549_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25539","volume":"55","author":"R Lomonaco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lomonaco R, Ortiz-Lopez C, Orsak B, et al. Effect of adipose tissue insulin resistance on metabolic parameters and liver histology in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55(5):1389\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25539.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"549_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13695","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13695","volume":"52","author":"S Guerra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guerra S, Mocciaro G, Gastaldelli A. Adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipidome alterations as the characterizing factors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(3):e13695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13695.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"549_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70032-4","volume":"2","author":"H Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(11):901\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70032-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","volume":"70","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology. 2019;70(4):1457\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30626.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"549_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0044","volume":"35","author":"A Mor\u00e1n-Costoya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mor\u00e1n-Costoya A, Proenza AM, Gianotti M, Llad\u00f3 I, Valle A. Sex Differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: estrogen influence on the liver-adipose tissue crosstalk. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021;35(9):753\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0044.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"8","key":"549_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab325","volume":"106","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Liu J, Zhou B, et al. Sex differences in the effect of testosterone on adipose tissue insulin resistance from overweight to obese adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(8):2252\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab325.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00476-6","volume":"13","author":"Z Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du Z, Wu J, Feng Z, et al. RAGE displays sex-specific differences in obesity-induced adipose tissue insulin resistance. Biol Sex Differ. 2022;13(1):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-022-00476-6.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"549_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/jci23621","volume":"115","author":"KL Donnelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(5):1343\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci23621.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003","volume":"142","author":"K Cusi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cusi K. Role of obesity and lipotoxicity in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(4):711-725.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.003.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","volume":"18","author":"D Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang D, El-Serag H, Loomba R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(4):223\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"549_CR24","unstructured":"Hypertension. World Health Organization. 25 August, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension. Accessed 1 Dec 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.01.011","volume":"15","author":"Joint committee for guideline revision","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joint committee for guideline revision. 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(1):1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11909\/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.01.011.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"549_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002","volume":"45","author":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S17-s38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-S002.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2020.01.001","volume":"36","author":"Chinese Society of Endocrinology, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chinese Society of Endocrinology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for the diagnose and management of hyperuricemia and gout in China (2019). Chin J Endocrinol Metab. 2020;36(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2020.01.001.","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"549_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"549_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6821","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6821","volume":"20","author":"N Khov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khov N, Sharma A, Riley TR. Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(22):6821\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6821.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","volume":"20","author":"MJ Azur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azur MJ, Stuart EA, Frangakis C, Leaf PJ. Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2011;20(1):40\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.329.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"549_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10409-5","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Fang D, Wang H, et al. The association between visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and NAFLD in subjects with different degrees of adiposity. Hepatol Int. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-022-10409-5.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"549_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031327","volume":"89","author":"SB Pedersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pedersen SB, Kristensen K, Hermann PA, Katzenellenbogen JA, Richelsen B. Estrogen controls lipolysis by up-regulating alpha2A-adrenergic receptors directly in human adipose tissue through the estrogen receptor alpha. Implications for the female fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1869\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-031327.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"549_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176446","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176446","volume":"12","author":"YM Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park YM, Pereira RI, Erickson CB, Swibas TA, Cox-York KA, Van Pelt RE. Estradiol-mediated improvements in adipose tissue insulin sensitivity are related to the balance of adipose tissue estrogen receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2 in postmenopausal women. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0176446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0176446.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"24","key":"549_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10874","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47037","volume":"10","author":"M Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang M, Liu Q, Huang T, et al. Dysfunction of estrogen-related receptor alpha-dependent hepatic VLDL secretion contributes to sex disparity in NAFLD\/NASH development. Theranostics. 2020;10(24):10874\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.47037.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8","volume":"17","author":"G Goossens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goossens G, Jocken J, Blaak E. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(1):47\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"549_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000741","author":"J Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang J, Cai X, Pan Y, et al. Relationship of obesity to adipose tissue insulin resistance. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000741.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"549_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu198","volume":"29","author":"HF Escobar-Morreale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Escobar-Morreale HF, Alvarez-Blasco F, Botella-Carretero JI, Luque-Ram\u00edrez M. The striking similarities in the metabolic associations of female androgen excess and male androgen deficiency. Human reproduction (Oxford, England). 2014;29(10):2083\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deu198.","journal-title":"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"549_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.04.012","volume":"12","author":"TG Valencak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valencak TG, Osterrieder A, Schulz TJ. Sex matters: the effects of biological sex on adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism. Redox Biol. 2017;12:806\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2017.04.012.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"549_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","volume":"52","author":"H Tilg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tilg H, Moschen AR. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology. 2010;52(5):1836\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24001.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"549_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20283","volume":"40","author":"AE Feldstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology. 2004;40(1):185\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.20283.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"549_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.07.006","volume":"4","author":"M Mar\u00ed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mar\u00ed M, Caballero F, Colell A, et al. Mitochondrial free cholesterol loading sensitizes to TNF- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis. Cell Metab. 2006;4(3):185\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.07.006.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"549_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9","volume":"18","author":"M Masoodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masoodi M, Gastaldelli A, Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen T, et al. Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic tests. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(12):835\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T13:45:34Z","timestamp":1700315134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsd.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-023-00549-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board at Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital (approval number: 2022-Science-517). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}