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Understanding the mechanisms underlying these early events is crucial for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to acute restraint stress and intermittent alcohol during adolescence. We assessed lasting effects on plasma corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, and mRNA expression of genes related to corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticoid, opioid, and arginine vasopressin systems in the amygdala and hypothalamus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The main findings are as follows: (1) blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) increased after the final alcohol administration, but stressed males had lower BAC than non-stressed males; (2) Males gained significantly more weight than females; (3) Stressed females showed higher ACTH levels than non-stressed females, with no changes in males; (4) Stress increased CORT levels in males, while stressed, alcohol-treated females had lower CORT levels than non-stressed females; (5) CRH: Females had lower\n                      <jats:italic>Crhr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in the amygdala, while alcohol reduced\n                      <jats:italic>Crhr2<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in males but not females. Significant interactions among sex, stress, and alcohol were found in the hypothalamus, with distinct patterns between sexes; (6) NPY: In the amygdala, stress reduced\n                      <jats:italic>Npy<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Npy1r<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in males but increased them in females. Alcohol decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Npy2r<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in males, with varied effects in females. Similar sex-specific patterns were observed in the hypothalamus; (7) Corticoid system: Stress and alcohol had complex, sex-dependent effects on\n                      <jats:italic>Pomc<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Nr3c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Nr3c2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in both brain regions; (8) Opioid receptors: Stress and alcohol blunted the elevated expression of\n                      <jats:italic>Oprm1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Oprd1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Oprk1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the amygdala of males and the hypothalamus of females; (8) Vasopressin: Stress and alcohol interacted significantly to affect\n                      <jats:italic>Avp<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Avpr1a<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in the amygdala, with stronger effects in females. In the hypothalamus, alcohol increased\n                      <jats:italic>Avp<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that adolescent acute stress and alcohol exposure induce lasting, sex-specific alterations in systems involved in reward and stress responses. These findings emphasize the importance of considering sex differences in the prevention and management of HPA dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00649-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T07:03:38Z","timestamp":1727334218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex-dependent effects of acute stress and alcohol exposure during adolescence on mRNA expression of brain signaling systems involved in reward and stress responses in young adult rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Flores-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Medina-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n-Mor\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.04.013","volume":"35","author":"HC Brenhouse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brenhouse HC, Andersen SL. 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This manuscript involves the use of animal data and tissue. All animal procedures were conducted in strict adherence to ARRIVE guidelines and the principles of laboratory animal care (National Research Council, Neuroscience CoGftUoAi, Research B, 2003) following the European Community Council Directive (63\/2010\/UE) and the Spanish Directive (RD52\/2013). All animal procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of M\u00e1laga (Exp. N\u00ba: 67-2020-A).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"75"}}