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CS induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which has a profound impact on cardiac structure and function. While the protective effects of estrogen, particularly 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2), on cardiovascular health are well-documented in premenopausal women, the interaction between estrogen and CS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of chronic cigarette smoking on cardiac health in relation to ethinylestradiol (EE) oral contraceptive (OC) usage in premenopausal females. Female mice were exposed to chronic cigarette smoke and co-administered EE. Cardiac structural and functional parameters were assessed alongside inflammatory markers, oxidative stress indicators, and histological changes. Results revealed that the combination of EE and CS led to adverse cardiac remodeling characterized by increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and elevated left ventricular mass. In addition, an inflammatory state was evident, marked by increased expression of IL-4, IL-1\u03b2, IL-13, IL-10, and PARP-1, as well as increased interstitial collagen deposition. These findings suggest a progression towards adverse cardiac remodeling resembling dilated cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, our observations highlight the complexity of the inflammatory response triggered by smoking, potentially exacerbated by estrogen supplementation. The main finding of this study is that the combination of CS and EE enhanced adverse cardiac remodeling, which was shown structurally, histologically, and biochemically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00667-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:42:11Z","timestamp":1733294531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Estrogen administration enhances the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on the heart in cycling female mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emna","family":"Abidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reine","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Zahreddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghadir","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Booz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fouad A.","family":"Zouein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10292","key":"667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01169-7","volume":"397","author":"MB Reitsma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reitsma MB, et al. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01169-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-024-01174-6","volume":"48","author":"TA Addissouky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Addissouky TA, El Sayed IET, Ali MMA, Wang Y, El Baz A, Elarabany N, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammation: elucidating mechanisms of smoking-attributable pathology for therapeutic targeting. 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This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the American University of Beirut (AUB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"100"}}