{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T13:39:26Z","timestamp":1794577166672,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005690","name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is more prevalent in men than women, and presents with different clinical features in each sex. Despite widespread recognition of these differences, females are under-represented in clinical and experimental studies of PD, and much remains to be elucidated regarding the biological underpinnings of sex differences in PD. In this review, we summarize known contributors to sex differences in PD etiology across the life course, with a focus on neurological development and gene regulation. Sex differences that are established at conception and heightened during adolescence and midlife may partially embed future PD risk, due to the complex interactions between gonadal hormones, gene regulation, lifestyle factors, and aging. While the neuroprotective properties of estrogen are strongly implicated in reduced prevalence of PD in women, interactions with genotype and gender-biased lifestyle factors are incompletely understood. Consideration of sex and gender-related factors in study design, data analysis, and interpretation have the power to expedite our knowledge of the etiology of PD in men and in women, and to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies tailored to each sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T11:06:56Z","timestamp":1738580816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Sex and gender differences in the molecular etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: considerations for study design and data analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Schaffner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira N.","family":"Tosefsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Inskter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Appel-Cresswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Schulze-Hentrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"692_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su D, Cui Y, He C, Zhu J, Yin P, Lam JST et al. Projections for Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and its Driving Factors in 204 Countries and Territories to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 2023 [cited 2024 Mar 18]. Available from: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4664553","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4664553"},{"issue":"11","key":"692_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","volume":"17","author":"GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(11):939\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"692_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847","volume":"9","author":"Z Ou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ou Z, Pan J, Tang S, Duan D, Yu D, Nong H, et al. Global trends in the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in 204 Countries\/Territories from 1990 to 2019. Front Public Health. 2021;9:776847.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13584","volume":"10","author":"A Zirra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zirra A, Rao SC, Bestwick J, Rajalingam R, Marras C, Blauwendraat C, et al. Gender differences in the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023;10(1):86\u201393.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00404-0","volume":"23","author":"GU H\u00f6glinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger GU, Adler CH, Berg D, Klein C, Outeiro TF, Poewe W, et al. A biological classification of Parkinson\u2019s disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(2):191\u2013204.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00405-2","volume":"23","author":"T Simuni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simuni T, Chahine LM, Poston K, Brumm M, Buracchio T, Campbell M, et al. A biological definition of neuronal \u03b1-synuclein disease: towards an integrated staging system for research. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(2):178\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10423","key":"692_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","volume":"403","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, San Luciano M, Tanner C. The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet. 2024;403(10423):283\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12796","volume":"136","author":"D Georgiev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz G-M. Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;136(6):570\u201384.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191683","volume":"9","author":"S Cerri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cerri S, Mus L, Blandini F. Parkinson\u2019s Disease in women and men: what\u2019s the difference? J Parkinsons Dis. 2019;9(3):501\u201315.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.02.002","volume":"35","author":"GE Gillies","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gillies GE, Pienaar IS, Vohra S, Qamhawi Z. Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35(3):370\u201384.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"692_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173862","volume":"895","author":"B Vaidya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vaidya B, Dhamija K, Guru P, Sharma SS. Parkinson\u2019s disease in women: mechanisms underlying sex differences. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;895:173862.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389012451663","volume":"18","author":"J Mayne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mayne J. Contribution analysis: coming of age? Evaluation. 2012;18(3):270\u201380.","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067013","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP334","volume":"125","author":"JP Buckley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckley JP, Doherty BT, Keil AP, Engel SM. Statistical approaches for estimating sex-specific effects in Endocrine Disruptors Research. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(6):067013.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"692_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shapiro JR, Klein SL, Morgan R. Stop controlling for sex and gender in global health research. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(4). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005714","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005714"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1325","volume":"7","author":"JA Morris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morris JA, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM. Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(10):1034\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2007","volume":"88","author":"MM McCarthy","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCarthy MM. Estradiol and the developing brain. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(1):91\u2013124.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.03.010","volume":"55","author":"KM Schulz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schulz KM, Molenda-Figueira HA, Sisk CL. Back to the future: the organizational-activational hypothesis adapted to puberty and adolescence. Horm Behav. 2009;55(5):597\u2013604.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"692_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-65-3-369","volume":"65","author":"CH Phoenix","year":"1959","unstructured":"Phoenix CH, Goy RW, Gerall AA, Young WC. Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology. 1959;65:369\u201382.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09728-7","volume":"23","author":"BB Yeap","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeap BB, Flicker L. Testosterone, cognitive decline and dementia in ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(6):1243\u201357.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz196","volume":"105","author":"H Frederiksen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederiksen H, Johannsen TH, Andersen SE, Albrethsen J, Landersoe SK, Petersen JH, et al. Sex-specific Estrogen Levels and reference intervals from infancy to late Adulthood determined by LC-MS\/MS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(3):754\u201368.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","volume":"20","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W. Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(5):385\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21127","volume":"21","author":"P Ragonese","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ragonese P, D\u2019Amelio M, Callari G, Salemi G, Morgante L, Savettieri G. Age at menopause predicts age at onset of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(12):2211\u20134.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"692_CR23","unstructured":"Saunders-Pullman R, Derby C, Santoro N, Bressman S, Chiu B, Lipton RB et al. Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Hormone Exposure on the Risk of Parkinson Disease: Results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study. In: NEUROLOGY. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106\u2013\u20093621 USA. 2009;A257\u2013A257."},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.6.886","volume":"61","author":"LJ Currie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Currie LJ, Harrison MB, Trugman JM, Bennett JP, Wooten GF. Postmenopausal estrogen use affects risk for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(6):886\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"692_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1417","volume":"52","author":"R Saunders-Pullman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saunders-Pullman R, Gordon-Elliott J, Parides M, Fahn S, Saunders HR, Bressman S. The effect of estrogen replacement on early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology. 1999;52(7):1417\u201321.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.11.016","volume":"506","author":"L Mateos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mateos L, Persson T, Katoozi S, Gil-Bea FJ, Cedazo-Minguez A. Estrogen protects against amyloid-\u03b2 toxicity by estrogen receptor \u03b1-mediated inhibition of Daxx translocation. Neurosci Lett. 2012;506(2):245\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"692_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02455.1999","volume":"19","author":"CA Singer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singer CA, Figueroa-Masot XA, Batchelor RH, Dorsa DM. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates estrogen neuroprotection after glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons. J Neurosci. 1999;19(7):2455\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"692_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08230.x","volume":"844","author":"DB Miller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miller DB, Ali SF, O\u2019Callaghan JP, Laws SC. The impact of gender and estrogen on striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;844:153\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"692_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01337.x","volume":"17","author":"S Jourdain","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jourdain S, Morissette M, Morin N, Di Paolo T. Oestrogens prevent loss of dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) in substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mice. J Neuroendocrinol. 2005;17(8):509\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.04.014","volume":"30","author":"M Bourque","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(2):142\u201357.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR31","first-page":"294","volume":"2","author":"M Bourque","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourque M, Soulet D, Di Paolo T. Androgens and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review of Human studies and Animal models. Androg Clin Res Ther. 2021;2(1):294\u2013303.","journal-title":"Androg Clin Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.002071","volume":"62","author":"GE Gillies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gillies GE, McArthur S. Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: a case for sex-specific medicines. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(2):155\u201398.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR33","first-page":"165","volume":"75","author":"MS Okun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okun MS, Crucian GP, Fischer L, Walter BL, Testa CM, Vitek JL, et al. Testosterone deficiency in a Parkinson\u2019s disease clinic: results of a survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(1):165\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.5.807","volume":"59","author":"MS Okun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okun MS, McDonald WM, DeLong MR. Refractory nonmotor symptoms in male patients with Parkinson disease due to testosterone deficiency: a common unrecognized comorbidity. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(5):807\u201311.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.5.729","volume":"63","author":"MS Okun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Rodriguez RL, Romrell J, Suelter M, Munson S, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with Parkinson disease: results of the TEST-PD study. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(5):729\u201335.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03024-4","volume":"919","author":"CJ Pike","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pike CJ. Testosterone attenuates beta-amyloid toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 2001;919(1):160\u20135.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"692_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.068","volume":"1359","author":"ER Rosario","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosario ER, Carroll J, Pike CJ. Testosterone regulation of Alzheimer-like neuropathology in male 3xTg-AD mice involves both estrogen and androgen pathways. Brain Res. 2010;1359:281\u201390.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"29","key":"692_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20843","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.443556","volume":"288","author":"S Khasnavis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khasnavis S, Ghosh A, Roy A, Pahan K. Castration induces Parkinson disease pathologies in young male mice via inducible nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(29):20843\u201355.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00578-X","volume":"116","author":"HE Murray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray HE, Pillai AV, McArthur SR, Razvi N, Datla KP, Dexter DT, et al. Dose- and sex-dependent effects of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of adult rats: differential actions of estrogen in males and females. Neuroscience. 2003;116(1):213\u201322.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:29:2:275","volume":"29","author":"A Tam\u00e1s","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tam\u00e1s A, Lubics A, Lengv\u00e1ri I, Reglodi D. Effects of age, gender, and gonadectomy on neurochemistry and behavior in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Endocrine. 2006;29(2):275\u201387.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"692_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23886","volume":"95","author":"VS Ratnu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ratnu VS, Emami MR, Bredy TW. Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(1\u20132):301\u201310.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"692_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3543","volume":"14","author":"HA Lawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lawson HA, Cheverud JM, Wolf JB. Genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin effects on complex traits. Nat Rev Genet. 2013;14(9):609\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2023.100297","volume":"3","author":"C Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu C, Ming MJ, Cole JM, Edge MD, Kirkpatrick M, Harpak A. Amplification is the primary mode of gene-by-sex interaction in complex human traits. Cell Genom. 2023;3(5):100297.","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13564","volume":"1420","author":"DS Manoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manoli DS, Tollkuhn J. Gene regulatory mechanisms underlying sex differences in brain development and psychiatric disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1420(1):26\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"692_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105248","volume":"129","author":"P Duarte-Guterman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duarte-Guterman P, Albert AY, Barha CK, Galea LAM, On Behalf Of The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Sex influences the effects of APOE genotype and Alzheimer\u2019s diagnosis on neuropathology and memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;129:105248.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26090","volume":"90","author":"C Blauwendraat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blauwendraat C, Iwaki H, Makarious MB, Bandres-Ciga S, Leonard HL, Grenn FP, et al. Investigation of autosomal genetic sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(1):35\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad297","volume":"147","author":"K Nordengen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nordengen K, Cappelletti C, Bahrami S, Frei O, Pihlstr\u00f8m L, Henriksen SP, et al. Pleiotropy with sex-specific traits reveals genetic aspects of sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain. 2024;147(3):858\u201370.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00580-3","volume":"9","author":"KW Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park KW, Ryu H-S, Shin E, Park Y, Jeon SR, Kim SY, et al. Ethnicity- and sex-specific genome wide association study on Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2023;9(1):141.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"109928","key":"692_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.109928","volume":"251","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D-H, Loke H, Thompson J, Hill R, Sundram S, Lee J. The dopamine D2-like receptor and the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, are reciprocally regulated in the human male neuroblastoma M17 cell line. Neuropharmacology. 2024;251(109928):109928.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"692_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2158","volume":"155","author":"DP Czech","year":"2014","unstructured":"Czech DP, Lee J, Correia J, Loke H, M\u00f6ller EK, Harley VR. Transient neuroprotection by SRY upregulation in dopamine cells following injury in males. Endocrinology. 2014;155(7):2602\u201312.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"33","key":"692_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900406116","volume":"116","author":"J Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee J, Pinares-Garcia P, Loke H, Ham S, Vilain E, Harley VR. Sex-specific neuroprotection by inhibition of the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, in experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(33):16577\u201382.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008856","volume":"5","author":"F Simunovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simunovic F, Yi M, Wang Y, Stephens R, Sonntag KC. Evidence for gender-specific transcriptional profiles of nigral dopamine neurons in Parkinson disease. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8856.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.02.009","volume":"26","author":"I Cantuti-Castelvetri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cantuti-Castelvetri I, Keller-McGandy C, Bouzou B, Asteris G, Clark TW, Frosch MP, et al. Effects of gender on nigral gene expression and parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2007;26(3):606\u201314.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00477-5","volume":"13","author":"A L\u00f3pez-Cerd\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cerd\u00e1n A, Andreu Z, Hidalgo MR, Grillo-Risco R, Catal\u00e0-Senent JF, Soler-S\u00e1ez I, et al. Unveiling sex-based differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies. Biol Sex Differ. 2022;13(1):68.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00446-8","volume":"9","author":"L-C Tranchevent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tranchevent L-C, Halder R, Glaab E. Systems level analysis of sex-dependent gene expression changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2023;9(1):8.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"692_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mariani E, Lombardini L, Facchin F, Pizzetti F, Frabetti F, Tarozzi A et al. Sex-Specific Transcriptome Differences in Substantia Nigra Tissue: A Meta-Analysis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Data. Genes. 2018;9(6). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes9060275","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9060275"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00355-2","volume":"8","author":"J Kochmanski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kochmanski J, Kuhn NC, Bernstein AI. Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated, sex-specific changes in DNA methylation at PARK7 (DJ-1), SLC17A6 (VGLUT2), PTPRN2 (IA-2\u03b2), and NR4A2 (NURR1) in cortical neurons. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022;8(1):120.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00704-3","volume":"10","author":"SL Schaffner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schaffner SL, Casazza W, Artaud F, Konwar C, Merrill SM, Domenighetti C, et al. Genetic variation and pesticide exposure influence blood DNA methylation signatures in females with early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024;10(1):98.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/81834","volume":"3","author":"R Betarbet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3(12):1301\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"692_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937","volume":"54","author":"SM Goldman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldman SM. Environmental toxins and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;54:141\u201364.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212922","volume":"12","author":"BR De Miranda","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Miller GW, Greenamyre JT, Dorsey ER. Preventing Parkinson\u2019s disease: an environmental agenda. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(1):45\u201368.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22375","volume":"57","author":"RR Habib","year":"2014","unstructured":"Habib RR, Hojeij S, Elzein K. Gender in occupational health research of farmworkers: a systematic review. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(12):1344\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-021-00330-8","volume":"8","author":"A Biswas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biswas A, Harbin S, Irvin E, Johnston H, Begum M, Tiong M, et al. Sex and gender differences in Occupational Hazard exposures: a scoping review of the recent literature. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2021;8(4):267\u201380.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21717","volume":"66","author":"A Elbaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elbaz A, Clavel J, Rathouz PJ, Moisan F, Galanaud J-P, Delemotte B, et al. Professional exposure to pesticides and Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2009;66(4):494\u2013504.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"692_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.11.1787","volume":"59","author":"H Petrovitch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Abbott RD, Sanderson WT, Sharp DS, Tanner CM, et al. Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(11):1787\u201392.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-022-00638-8","volume":"34","author":"B Atinkut Asmare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atinkut Asmare B, Freyer B, Bingen J. Women in agriculture: pathways of pesticide exposure, potential health risks and vulnerability in sub-saharan Africa. Environ Sci Europe. 2022;34(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Europe"},{"key":"692_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura H, Kurimura M, Wada M, Kawanami T, Kurita K, Suzuki Y et al. Female preponderance of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Japan. Neuroepidemiology. 2002 Nov-Dec;21(6):292\u20136.","DOI":"10.1159\/000065527"},{"key":"692_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dahiri B, Mart\u00edn-Reina J, Carbonero-Aguilar P, Aguilera-Vel\u00e1zquez JR, Bautista J, Moreno I. Impact of Pesticide Exposure among Rural and Urban Female Population. An Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189907"},{"issue":"14","key":"692_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200324","volume":"477","author":"RM Gutgesell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gutgesell RM, Tsakiridis EE, Jamshed S, Steinberg GR, Holloway AC. Impact of pesticide exposure on adipose tissue development and function. Biochem J. 2020;477(14):2639\u201353.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10256","volume":"44","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda AM. Pesticide exposure and women\u2019s health. Am J Ind Med. 2003;44(6):584\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249149.22407.d1","volume":"67","author":"JB Wilk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilk JB, Tobin JE, Suchowersky O, Shill HA, Klein C, Wooten GF, et al. Herbicide exposure modifies GSTP1 haplotype association to Parkinson onset age: the GenePD Study. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2206\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.101","volume":"67","author":"F Dutheil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dutheil F, Beaune P, Tzourio C, Loriot M-A, Elbaz A. Interaction between ABCB1 and professional exposure to organochlorine insecticides in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(6):739\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"692_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971298","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.971298","volume":"13","author":"SL Schaffner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schaffner SL, Kobor MS. DNA methylation as a mediator of genetic and environmental influences on Parkinson\u2019s disease susceptibility: impacts of alpha-Synuclein, physical activity, and pesticide exposure on the epigenome. Front Genet. 2022;13:971298.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"692_CR74","unstructured":"Free Icons and Stickers. - Millions of resources to download. Flaticon. [cited 2024 Jul 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.flaticon.com\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","volume":"15","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(12):1257\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"692_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576366","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.576366","volume":"12","author":"A Biegon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biegon A. Considering Biological Sex in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12:576366.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"692_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.298","volume":"95","author":"C Marras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marras C, Hincapi\u00e9 CA, Kristman VL, Cancelliere C, Soklaridis S, Li A, et al. Systematic review of the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International collaboration on mild traumatic brain Injury Prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3 Suppl):S238\u201344.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.08.013","volume":"40","author":"LA Pierpoint","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierpoint LA, Collins C. Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2021;40(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"692_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105903","volume":"120","author":"ML Alosco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alosco ML, Adler CH, Dodick DW, Tripodis Y, Balcer LJ, Bernick C, et al. Examination of parkinsonism in former elite American football players. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2024;120:105903.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.160","volume":"34","author":"J Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei J, Xiao G-M. The neuroprotective effects of progesterone on traumatic brain injury: current status and future prospects. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2013;34(12):1485\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"22","key":"692_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6171","volume":"36","author":"R Gupte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupte R, Brooks W, Vukas R, Pierce J, Harris J. Sex differences in traumatic Brain Injury: what we know and what we should know. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(22):3063\u201391.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"26","key":"692_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411090","volume":"371","author":"E Skolnick Brett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skolnick Brett E, Maas Andrew I, Narayan Raj K, Thomas W, John D, et al. A clinical trial of progesterone for severe traumatic brain Injury. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2467\u201376.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"692_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.01","volume":"40","author":"AM White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White AM. Gender differences in the Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Related Harms in the United States. Alcohol Res. 2020;40(2):01.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"692_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.01.024","volume":"356","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S. Effect of ethanol on metabolism of purine bases (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid). Clin Chim Acta. 2005;356(1\u20132):35\u201357.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"692_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709846","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.709846","volume":"8","author":"C Shao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shao C, Wang X, Wang P, Tang H, He J, Wu N. Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk and Alcohol Intake: a systematic review and dose-response Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Front Nutr. 2021;8:709846.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"s1","key":"692_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230264","volume":"14","author":"KN Tosefsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tosefsky KN, Zhu J, Wang YN, Lam JST, Cammalleri A, Appel-Cresswell S. The role of diet in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2024;14(s1):S21\u201334.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"692_CR87","first-page":"163","volume":"12","author":"HR Thomasson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thomasson HR. Gender differences in alcohol metabolism. Physiological responses to ethanol. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1995;12:163\u201379.","journal-title":"Recent Dev Alcohol"},{"key":"692_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.12.006","volume":"71","author":"R Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim R, Yoo D, Jung YJ, Han K, Lee J-Y. Sex differences in smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a nationwide cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;71:60\u20135.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1465","volume":"69","author":"KP Cosgrove","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cosgrove KP, Esterlis I, McKee SA, Bois F, Seibyl JP, Mazure CM, et al. Sex differences in availability of \u03b22*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in recently abstinent tobacco smokers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(4):418\u201327.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"692_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22619","volume":"24","author":"KC Simon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simon KC, Chen H, Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Reproductive factors, exogenous estrogen use, and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(9):1359\u201365.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28464","volume":"36","author":"A Metcalfe-Roach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E, Cirstea M, Sundvick K, Kliger D, et al. MIND and Mediterranean diets Associated with later onset of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov Disord. 2021;36(4):977\u201384.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1094-5","volume":"22","author":"P Agarwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal P, Wang Y, Buchman AS, Holland TM, Bennett DA, Morris MC. MIND Diet Associated with reduced incidence and delayed progression of ParkinsonismA in Old Age. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1211\u20135.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.391304","volume":"19","author":"PM Neufeld","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neufeld PM, Nettersheim RA, Matschke V, Vorgerd M, Stahlke S, Theiss C. Unraveling the gut-brain axis: the impact of steroid hormones and nutrition on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neural Regeneration Res. 2024;19(10):2219\u201328.","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00422-6","volume":"13","author":"P Shobeiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shobeiri P, Kalantari A, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Sex Differ. 2022;13(1):12.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"692_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1052","volume":"50","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hern\u00e1n MA, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, et al. Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in men and women. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(1):56\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25076","volume":"27","author":"N Palacios","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palacios N, Gao X, McCullough ML, Schwarzschild MA, Shah R, Gapstur S, et al. Caffeine and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in a large cohort of men and women. Mov Disord. 2012;27(10):1276\u201382.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.02.012","volume":"16","author":"N Palacios","year":"2010","unstructured":"Palacios N, Weisskopf M, Simon K, Gao X, Schwarzschild M, Ascherio A. Polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism and estrogen receptor genes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in men and women. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(6):370\u20135.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh312","volume":"160","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Weisskopf MG, O\u2019Reilly EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Rodriguez C, et al. Coffee consumption, gender, and Parkinson\u2019s disease mortality in the cancer prevention study II cohort: the modifying effects of estrogen. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(10):977\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207424","volume":"101","author":"B Portugal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Portugal B, Artaud F, Degaey I, Roze E, Fournier A, Severi G, et al. Association of Physical Activity and Parkinson Disease in women: long-term follow-up of the E3N cohort study. Neurology. 2023;101(4):e386\u201398.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"692_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182421","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421","volume":"1","author":"X Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, Zhang P, Zhao C, Min J, et al. Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson Disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182421.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"692_CR101","first-page":"162","volume":"5","author":"GC Henderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henderson GC. Sexual dimorphism in the effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids to support resting metabolism. Front Endocrinol. 2014;5:162.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"692_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01040","volume":"9","author":"BR Rigby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rigby BR, Davis RW. Should Exercise be prescribed differently between women and men? An emphasis on women diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1040.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"692_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26728","volume":"31","author":"SC LaHue","year":"2016","unstructured":"LaHue SC, Comella CL, Tanner CM. The best medicine? The influence of physical activity and inactivity on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31(10):1444\u201354.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2113749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13749","volume":"4","author":"JR Steinberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinberg JR, Turner BE, Weeks BT, Magnani CJ, Wong BO, Rodriguez F, et al. Analysis of female enrollment and participant sex by Burden of Disease in US clinical trials between 2000 and 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2113749.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acab083","volume":"37","author":"O Gorzynska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gorzynska O, McGoohan K, Velayudhan L. Patient and caregiver experiences of participating in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Clinical trials: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2022;37(3):654\u201376.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"692_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00960-0","volume":"17","author":"PA Vaswani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaswani PA, Tropea TF, Dahodwala N. Overcoming barriers to Parkinson Disease Trial Participation: increasing diversity and novel designs for Recruitment and Retention. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(4):1724\u201335.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"692_CR107","unstructured":"Parkinson\u2019s Foundation. Women and Parkinson\u2019s: Closing the Gender Gap in Research and Care. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/women-and-parkinsons-research-and-care-agenda.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2021.1987403","volume":"44","author":"SK Kunutsor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kunutsor SK, Metcalf EP, Westacott R, Revell L, Blythe A. Are remote clinical assessments a feasible and acceptable method of assessment? A systematic review. Med Teach. 2022;44(3):300\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"12","key":"692_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01144-1","volume":"26","author":"CA James","year":"2020","unstructured":"James CA, Barfield MD, Maass KF, Patel SR, Anderson MD. Will patient-centric sampling become the norm for clinical trials after COVID-19? Nat Med. 2020;26(12):1810.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"692_CR110","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Participants in Research Involving Human Subjects. NIH Grants & Funding. 2022 [cited 2024 May 8]. Available from: https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/policy\/inclusion\/women-and-minorities.htm"},{"key":"692_CR111","unstructured":"Government of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research. How to integrate sex and gender into research. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. 2018 [cited 2024 May 8]. Available from: https:\/\/cihr-irsc.gc.ca\/e\/50836.html"},{"key":"692_CR112","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 6 priorities for women and health. World Health Organizaion. 2021 [cited 2024 Jul 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/6-priorities-for-women-and-health"},{"key":"692_CR113","unstructured":"Home - GloWNUS. NUS Women. 2022 [cited 2024 Jul 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.glownus.org\/"},{"key":"692_CR114","unstructured":"Africa Health Business. Coalition for Women\u2019s Health in Africa\u2013 Advancing Women\u2019s Health in Africa. Coalition for Women\u2019s Health in Africa. 2023 [cited 2024 Jul 8]. Available from: https:\/\/cowha.net\/"},{"key":"692_CR115","unstructured":"Capello E, Butcher GQ. Assessment of the male sex bias in Parkinson \u2019 s research on non-human subjects: a meta-analysis. IMPULSE. 2014;11(1):1\u20136."},{"key":"692_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_5","volume":"1418","author":"E Clough","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clough E, Barrett T. The Gene expression Omnibus Database. Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1418:93\u2013110.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. An introduction to Propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in Observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399\u2013424.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"692_CR118","unstructured":"Zodpey SP. Sample size and power analysis in medical research. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004;70(2):123\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251524592311875","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459231187531","volume":"6","author":"DAA Baranger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baranger DAA, Finsaas MC, Goldstein BL, Vize CE, Lynam DR, Olino TM. Tutorial: power analyses for Interaction effects in cross-sectional regressions. Adv Methods Practices Psychol Sci. 2023;6(3):25152459231187532.","journal-title":"Adv Methods Practices Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"692_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000204","volume":"13","author":"JK Christians","year":"2022","unstructured":"Christians JK, Chow NA. Are there sex differences in fetal growth strategies and in the long-term effects of pregnancy complications on cognitive functioning? J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2022;13(6):766\u201378.","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"692_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-66","volume":"6","author":"M Kedmi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kedmi M, Bar-Shira A, Gurevich T, Giladi N, Orr-Urtreger A. Decreased expression of B cell related genes in leukocytes of women with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2011;6:66.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"692_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1738433","volume":"131","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma A, Schaefer ST, Sae-Lee C, Byun H-M, W\u00fcllner U. Elevated serum mitochondrial DNA in females and lack of altered platelet mitochondrial methylation in patients with Parkinson\u00b4s disease. Int J Neurosci. 2021;131(3):279\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T11:09:06Z","timestamp":1738580946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsd.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00692-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}